King Lear :: essays research papers

exponent Lear is one of William Shakespeares greatest tragedies which involves acommon story of three daughters vying for the love of their father. Jane Smiley parallelsthe story of King Lear in her novel A Thousand Acres. Though this novel is derived fromthe roots of King Lear and the basic plot is similar, the readers reaction to each move ofliterature varies greatly. One may wonder why the readers perspective on the play KingLear changes so drastically after practice session the novel A Thousand Acres. A couple of thereasons include the pieces of literature being told from two different view points and howthe paralleling characters in the two works shoot roles than are unexpected and seemunlike the comparable characters in the other piece of literature. However, Scott Holstadstates the reason for the differing responses best by saying, Smiley is successful becauseshe fills in so many another(prenominal) of the gaps left open in the play. She gives us new and differentperspec tives (Holstad 1).King Lear is a more or less unusual play in that it only deals with the present and neglects the prehistoric and the future. The reader is not informed about an earlier time period in the play. The play opens up with Lear immediately choosing to, express our darker purpose (I, i,35). There is no mention of any of the three daughters childhood. In contrast, Smileymakes a point of adding description to her novel. She constantly describes the threegirls childhood, their ancestors, and other memories from the past. In the beginning ofthe novel, Ginny elaborates upon her great-grandparents and, when they came the firsttime to Zebulon County, in the spring of 1890, and saw that half the land they hadalready bought was under two feet of water (Smiley 14). Ginny also remembers whenshe used to take care of Caro aviation, I had such commit for her, such a strong sense that whenwe sent her out, in whatever capacity, she would perform well, with enthusiasm andconfidence that were mysteriously hers alone (Smiley 262). The description of the pastis the most powerful part in A Thousand Acres. It reveals hidden roots that shape anddefine behaviors of the characters. This hidden knowledge and exposure of secrets isexemplified in Edgars line in King Lear, In nothing am I changd But in my garments(IV, vi, 9-10). It tells the reader that although things may appear to be a sure way,reality will prove them to be different. The major difference between King Lear and A Thousand Acres is that the past comes

Chapter 5 of Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein :: Free Essay Writer

Chapter 5 of Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein. I will be looking at why Frankenstein has become such(prenominal) a well know novel and reasons why Mary Shelly.I am writing an essay on one of Mary Shelleys novels Frankenstein,this is laughable to Mary Shelley because from a very young age she hashad gothic horror involved in her livelihood she entered the world kindred theheroine of a gothic bosh. Gothic horror was so popular because peoplewere starting to read and watch horror novels.I will be focusing this essay on chapter 5 of Mary Shelleys novelFrankenstein. I will be looking at why Frankenstein has becomesuch a well known novel and reasons why Mary Shelly chose to write anovel wish well this.Mary Shelley wrote this novel due to many set backs in her life suchas her mother dying at such young stage of Marys life, and thesuicide of her half sisterFrankensteins experiment was measurable to Mary because it was Marywanted to do in all her life conquer death.The novel is writte n in the 1st person to make it look likeFrankensteins series of events like a diary. The setting of chapter 5is where Frankenstein has completed the monster and hates his creationso much. Frankenstein gives a in writing(p) image of what is creation lookslike he shows all emotions in this chapter. Frankenstein is the maincharacter in this chapter because its all his feelings and emotions.I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose ofinfusing life into an inanimate body. For this I had deprived myselfof rest and health, I feel this is effective because it shows how badhe feels towards and about his creation.Mary Shelley shows how Frankenstein had dreamed of this nearly all ofhis life entirely that all goes wrong I had desired it with an ardourthat far exceeded moderation but now that I had finished, the beautyof the dream vanished, and suffocating horror and disgust filled myheart, this emphasizes his disgust with the creature and himself.Mary Shelley describes the creature in a lot of detail to give a vividimage of what Frankenstein has created and that some things ofFrankensteins creation were life like but others made it the monsterit was His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his featuresas beautiful. Beautiful -- Great paragon His yellow skin scarcelycovered the work of muscles and arteries beneath his hair was of alustrous black, and flowing his teeth of a pearly whiteness but

Macbeth: Corruption :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth Corruption When people come into a postion of power where the definition of control exitsa new definition tally to their point of view, they unleash a musical noteing intheir minds that what ever decision they make that directly conflicts the livesof other people, they dont feel responsible. Thats when npower muck ups theminds of people. People in power feel that they can do anything when their inpower for a long period of time. Corruption is something that is motivated by greed and deception. Its a verysinister constitution that controls and destroys peoples live and makes them thekind of person other people dont want to associate with. When a person is inpower, some situations occur when they can acquire anything, lying, bribing,coning, or stealing. With these in mind anybody in power could become a powerfulfoe. The reason why corruption has become a problem is because its fair to becomegreedy for more. And soon it gets disclose of control and now you hav e a corruptedperson who in order to change would have to step out of power and become aperson who doesnt control. Nothing can really be done to sustain it or avoid it, if you take a corruptperson in power and replace a fair and just person. Sooner or later they alsobecome corrupt. You just have to endure and hope the replacement will be a fairperson. In the tradgity Macbeth  there are many examples of corruption. When Macbethbecame Thane of Cowdor his wife, Lady Macbeth, was very delighted to hear of such news.  And when hearing that Duncan, the king ,would be coming to dinner attheir castle, gave her an idea that maybe they need a new king, Macbeth This isa perfect example of corruption, as soon as she became more powerful, she waslusting for more. As play carries on the corruption becomes greater with thekilling of Banquo. Banquo who was a friend of Macbeth is betrayed when Macbeth,the new king, orders him to be killed only because Banquo has a son namedFleance th at Macbeth stupidly believes will take the throne away from him,Tomake them kings, the seeds of Banquo kings This of course get the peoplesuspicious, but now its to late, Macbeth had gone crazy as well as Lady Macbeth.Of course then when your in power sometimes you think nothing will happen thatwill hurt you in any way, that your safe in the confinment of your office orroom. Of course this never works and theres always some terrible thing bound to

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

progeny Goodman Brown by Nathaniel HawthorneYoung Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story that isthick with allegory.Young Goodman Brown is a moral story, which is told through theperversion of a religious leader. In Young Goodman Brown, GoodmanBrown is a Puritan minister who lets his luxuriant pride in himselfinterfere with his relations with the community after he meets withthe devil, and causes him to live the life of an exile in his owncommunity.Young Goodman Brown begins when Faith, Browns wife, asks him non togo on an errand. Goodman Brown says to his love and (my) Faiththat this one night I must tarry away from thee. When he says hislove and his Faith, he is talking to his wife, but he is alsotalking to his faith to god. He is venturing into the woods to meetwith the tantalise, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith inGod with his wife. He resolves that he will cling to her skirts andfollow her to Heaven. This is an example of the excessive pridebec ause he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because ofthis look for that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony tothis promise because when Goodman Brown comes tolerate at dawn he can no durable look at his wife with the same faith he had before.When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that thereason he was late was because Faith kept me back awhile. Thisstatement has a double meaning because his wife physically preventedhim from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faithto God psychologically slow his meeting with the devil.The Devil had with him a lag that bore the likeness of a greatblack snake. The staff which looked like a snake is a reference tothe snake in the story of Adam and even. The snake led Adam and Eve totheir destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adamand Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are bothseeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate fromthe Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. TheDevils staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devils ceremonywhich destroys Goodman Browns faith in his fellow man, thereforeexpelling him from his utopia.Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kept his meetingwith the Devil and no longer wishes to continue on his errand with theDevil. He says that he comes from a race of honest men and good

Endangered Species Legislation Essay -- CITES, Endangered Species Act

The latter half of the twentieth century was host to the greatest and most widespread advancements in environmental cognizance in human history. It was during this time that people began to consider the effects of their polluting cars and their wasteful habits. People began to realize that something must be done to curb humans oppose impacts on their surroundings and thus the environmental movement was born. One of the most important factors that resulted from this expansion of environmental consciousness occurring over the last several decades has been the apology of endangered species. Much has been done in the legal world to ensure the continued longevity of our planets diversity, including two major policies CITES and the exist Species Act. to each one of these policies has approached the welfare of endangered species in a different way, with varying degrees of success. separately strategy will be summarized and analyzed, beginning with the CITES treaty, as it was ena cted sooner the Endangered Species Act. However, beforehand examining the function and effectiveness of each strategy, it is important to understand the history behind each one of them.In 1966, Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act, a penning of legislation designed to provide limited resistance to a list of native animal species. The Departments of Interior, Agriculture, and Defense were responsible for the protection of these species and the preservation of their habitats. It also deal land to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help maintain these natural habitats. In 1969, the Act was amended because further protection was necessary. With the threat of worldwide extinction, the amendment called for an international meet and cha... ...es rather than the officials that manage them, but all things considered, these two policies go a long way to improving the problem of human-caused extinction.Works CitedDoremus, Holly, and Joel E. Pagel. Why Listing may Be Forever Perspectives on Delisting Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 5 (Oct. 2001) 1258-68.Hemley, Ginette. CITES How Useful a Tool For Wildlife Conservation? Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 4, Changes and Challenges in the Wildlife Profession (Winter, 1995) 635-39.History and Evolution of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Including its Relationship to CITES. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1 may 2008. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2 Dec. 2008 .Reibstein, Rick. Endangered Species Act. CAS GE 521, Boston, MA. 19 Nov. 2008. Endangered Species Legislation Essay -- CITES, Endangered Species Act The latter half of the twentieth century was host to the greatest and most widespread advancements in environmental sense in human history. It was during this time that people began to consider the effects of their polluting cars and their wasteful habits. People began to realize that something must be done to curb humans forbid impacts on their surroundings and thus the environmental movement was born. One of the most important factors that resulted from this expansion of environmental consciousness occurring over the last several decades has been the protection of endangered species. Much has been done in the legal world to ensure the continued longevity of our planets diversity, including two major policies CITES and the Endangered Species Act. Each of these policies has approached the welfare of endangered species in a different way, with varying degrees of success. Each strategy will be summarized and analyzed, beginning with the CITES treaty, as it was enacted before the Endangered Species Act. However, before examining the function and effectiveness of each strategy, it is important to understand the history behind each one of them.In 1966, Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act, a component of legislation designed to provide limited protection to a list of native animal species. The Departments of Interior, Agriculture, and Defense were responsible for the protection of these species and the preservation of their habitats. It also deal land to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help maintain these natural habitats. In 1969, the Act was amended because further protection was necessary. With the threat of worldwide extinction, the amendment called for an international conflux and cha... ...es rather than the officials that manage them, but all things considered, these two policies go a long way to improving the problem of human-caused extinction.Works CitedDoremus, Holly, and Joel E. Pagel. Why Listing May Be Forever Perspectives on Delisting Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 5 (Oct. 2001) 1258-68.Hemley, Ginette. CITES How Useful a Tool For Wildlife Conservation? Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 4, Changes and Challenges in the Wildlife Profession (Winter, 1995) 635-39.History and Evolution o f the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Including its Relationship to CITES. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1 May 2008. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2 Dec. 2008 .Reibstein, Rick. Endangered Species Act. CAS GE 521, Boston, MA. 19 Nov. 2008.

Endangered Species Legislation Essay -- CITES, Endangered Species Act

The latter half of the twentieth century was host to the greatest and most general advancements in environmental awareness in human history. It was during this time that people began to consider the effects of their polluting cars and their wasteful habits. People began to realize that something must be make to curb humans negative impacts on their surroundings and thus the environmental movement was born. One of the most important factors that resulted from this expansion of environmental consciousness occurring everyplace the last several decades has been the bulwark of endangered species. Much has been do in the legal world to ensure the continued longevity of our planets diversity, including dickens major policies CITES and the peril Species Act. Each of these policies has approached the welfare of endangered species in a different way, with varying degrees of success. Each strategy will be summarized and analyzed, beginning with the CITES treaty, as it was enacted before the be Species Act. However, before examining the function and effectiveness of each strategy, it is important to understand the history behind each one of them.In 1966, Congress passed the imperil Species Preservation Act, a piece of legislation designed to provide limited security department to a list of native animal species. The Departments of Interior, Agriculture, and Defense were responsible for the protection of these species and the preservation of their habitats. It also allotted land to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help maintain these natural habitats. In 1969, the Act was amended because further protection was necessary. With the panic of worldwide extinction, the amendment called for an international meeting and cha... ...es rather than the officials that manage them, but all things considered, these 2 policies go a long way to improving the problem of human-caused extinction. industrial plant CitedDoremus, Holly, and Joel E. Pagel. Why Listin g May Be Forever Perspectives on Delisting Under the U.S. imperil Species Act. preservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 5 (Oct. 2001) 1258-68.Hemley, Ginette. CITES How Useful a Tool For Wildlife conservation? Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 4, Changes and Challenges in the Wildlife Profession (Winter, 1995) 635-39.History and Evolution of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Including its Relationship to CITES. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1 May 2008. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2 Dec. 2008 .Reibstein, Rick. Endangered Species Act. CAS GE 521, Boston, MA. 19 Nov. 2008. Endangered Species Legislation Essay -- CITES, Endangered Species Act The latter half of the twentieth century was host to the greatest and most far-flung advancements in environmental awareness in human history. It was during this time that people began to consider the effects of their polluting cars and their wasteful habits. People began to realize that something must be done to curb humans negative impacts on their surroundings and thus the environmental movement was born. One of the most important factors that resulted from this expansion of environmental consciousness occurring over the last several decades has been the protection of endangered species. Much has been done in the legal world to ensure the continued longevity of our planets diversity, including two major policies CITES and the Endangered Species Act. Each of these policies has approached the welfare of endangered species in a different way, with varying degrees of success. Each strategy will be summarized and analyzed, beginning with the CITES treaty, as it was enacted before the Endangered Species Act. However, before examining the function and effectiveness of each strategy, it is important to understand the history behind each one of them.In 1966, Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act, a piece of legislation designed to provide limited protection to a list of native animal sp ecies. The Departments of Interior, Agriculture, and Defense were responsible for the protection of these species and the preservation of their habitats. It also allotted land to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help maintain these natural habitats. In 1969, the Act was amended because further protection was necessary. With the bane of worldwide extinction, the amendment called for an international meeting and cha... ...es rather than the officials that manage them, but all things considered, these two policies go a long way to improving the problem of human-caused extinction. plant CitedDoremus, Holly, and Joel E. Pagel. Why Listing May Be Forever Perspectives on Delisting Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 5 (Oct. 2001) 1258-68.Hemley, Ginette. CITES How Useful a Tool For Wildlife Conservation? Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 4, Changes and Challenges in the Wildlife Profession (Winter, 1995) 635-39.History and Evolution of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Including its Relationship to CITES. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1 May 2008. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2 Dec. 2008 .Reibstein, Rick. Endangered Species Act. CAS GE 521, Boston, MA. 19 Nov. 2008.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 6 Rescue

LEGGEN, JENARR- His contri just nowions to meteorology, however, although considerable, pale before what has ever since been k at presentn as the Leggen Contr oversy. That his actions swear let oned to place Hari Seldon in jeopardy is undisputable, but argument rages-and has al appearances raged-as to whether those actions were the result of unintentional circumstance or part of a deliberate conspiracy. Passions agree been raised on two sides and even the most elaborate studies have coif to no definite conclusions. Nevertheless, the suspicions that were raised helped poison Leggens career and private life in the years that followedcyclopedia Galactica25.It was non quite the end of daylight when Dors Venabili sought kayoed Jenarr Leggen. He answered her rather anxious greeting with a grunt and a brief nod. Well, she verbalise a trifle impatiently. How was he?Leggen, who was entering data into his information processing system, say, How was who?My library student Hari. Dr. Ha ri Seldon. He went up with you. Was he all help to you?Leggen retravel his hands from the keys of his computer and swivelled close to. That Heliconian fellow? He was of no use at each(prenominal). Showed no interest whatever. He kept aspect at the panorama when there was no scenery to look at. A real oddball. Why did you want to send him up?It wasnt my idea. He cherished to. I push asidet see to it it. He was very interested. Where is he at once?Leggen shrugged. How would I fuck? Somewhere around.Where did he go after he came down with you? Did he say?He didnt come down with us. I told you he wasnt interested. therefore when did he come down?I dont agnise. I wasnt watching him. I had an enormous amount of work to do. There must have been a windstorm and roughly sort of downpour about two days ago and neither was expected. zipper our instruments showed offered a good explanation for it or for the fact that some sunshine we were expecting today didnt appear. immediately I m trying to function sense of it and youre bothering me.You mean you didnt peck him go down?Look. He wasnt on my mind. The idiot wasnt correctly garbed and I could see that inside of half an hour he wasnt going to be able to take the cold. I gave him a sweater, but that wasnt going to help much for his legs and feet. So I left the elevator open for him and I told him how to use it and explained that it would take him down and then return automati phone cally. It was all very impartial and Im sure he did get cold and he did go down and the elevator did come confirm and then lastly we all went down.solely you dont k at one cartridge clip exactly when he went down?No, I dont. I told you. I was busy. He certainly wasnt up there when we left, though, and by that time twilight was coming on and it looked as though it might sleet. So he had to have gone down.Did anyone else see him go down?I dont know. Clowzia may have. She was with him for a bit. Why dont you shoot her?Dors found Clowzia in her quarters, clean emerging from a hot shower.It was cold up there, she tell.Dors said, Were you with Hari Seldon Upperside?Clowzia said, eyebrows lifting, Yes, for a slice. He wanted to wander about and ask questions about the vegetation up there. Hes a sharp fellow, Dors. Everything seemed to interest him, so I told him what I could t inauspicious Leggen called me back. He was in one of his knock-your-head-off tempers. The weather wasnt working and he-Dors interrupted. Then you didnt see Hari go down in the elevator?I didnt see him at all after Leggen called me over.-But he has to be down here. He wasnt up there when we left.But I cant find him anywhere.Clowzia looked perturbed. Really?-But hes got to be somewhere down here.No, he doesnt have to be somewhere down here, said Dors, her disturbance growing.What if hes still up there?Thats impossible. He wasnt. Naturally, we looked about for him before we left. Leggen had shown him how to go down. He wasnt properly dre ssed and it was rotten weather. Leggen told him if he got cold not to bide for us. He was getting cold. I know So what else could he do but go down?But no one saw him go down.-Did anything go wrong with him up there?Nothing. Not while I was with him. He was perfectly fine except that he had to be cold, of course.Dors, by now quite uncolonized, said, Since no one saw him go down, he might still be up there. Shouldnt we go up and look?Clowzia said nervously, I told you we looked around before we went down. It was still quite light and he was nowhere in sight.Lets look anyway.But I cant take you up there. Im just an medical intern and I dont have the combination for the Upperside dome opening. Youll have to ask Dr. Leggen.26.Dors Venabili knew that Leggen would not pull up stakesingly go Upperside now. He would have to be forced.First, she checked the library and the dine areas once again. Then she called Seldons room. Finally, she went up there and signaled at the adit. When Seld on did not respond, she had the floor manager open it. He wasnt there. She questioned some of those who, over the last some weeks, had come to know him. No one had seen him.Well, then, she would make Leggen take her Upperside. By now, though, it was night. He would object strenuously and how long could she spend arguing if Hari Seldon was trapped up there on a freezing night with sleet turning to snow?A sentiment occurred to her and she rushed to the small University computer, which kept track of the doings of the students, faculty, and service staff. Her fingers flew over the keys and she soon had what she wanted. There were three of them in another part of the campus. She signed out for a small glidecart to take her over and found the domicile she was looking for. Surely, one of them would be available-or findable. Fortune was with her. The first door at which she signaled was answered by a query light. She punched in her identification number, which included her department affi liation. The door loose and a plump middle-aged man stared out at her. He had obviously been washing up before dinner. His dark blond hair was skew-whiff and he was not wearing any upper garment. He said, Sorry. You catch me at a disadvantage. What can I do for you, Dr. Venabili?She said a morsel breathlessly, Youre Rogen Benastra, the Chief Seismologist, arent you?Yes.This is an emergency. I must see the seismological records for Upperside for the last few hours.Benastra stared at her. Why? Nothings exceeded. Id know if it had. The seismograph would inform us.Im not talking about a meteoric impact.Neither am I. We dont need a seismograph for that. Im talking about gravel, pinpoint fractures. Nothing today.Not that either. delight. Take me to the seismograph and read it for me. This is life or death.I have a dinner appointment-I said life or death and I mean it.Benastra said, I dont see- but he faded out nether Dorss glare. He wiped his face, left quick word on his message rel ay, end struggled into a shirt. They half-ran (under Dorss pitiless urging) to the small squat Seismology Building.Dors, who knew nothing about seismology, said, drop? Were going down?Below the inhabited levels. Of course. The seismograph has to be fixed to bedrock and be removed from the constant clamor and vibration of the city levels.But how can you tell whats happening Upperside from down here?The seismograph is wired to a set of pressure transducers located within the thickness of the dome. The impact of a speck of grit will send the indicator skittering off the screen. We can detect the flattening exploit on the dome of a high wind. We can-Yes, yes, said Dors impatiently. She was not here for a lecture on the virtues and refinements of the instruments. Can you detect human footsteps?Human footsteps? Benastra looked confused. Thats not likely Upperside.Of course its likely. There were a group of meteorologists Upperside this afternoon.Oh. Well, footsteps would scarcely be no ticeable.It would be noticeable if you looked hard enough and thats what I want you to do.Benastra might have resented the firm note of command in her voice, but, if so, he said nothing. He touched(p) a contact and the computer screen jumped to life. At the extreme right center, there was a fat spot of light, from which a thin horizontal attract stretched to the left limit of the screen. There was a tiny wriggle to it, a random non-repetitive seder of little hiccups and these moved steadily leftward. It was almost hypnotic in its effect on Dors.Benastra said, Thats as quiet as it can possibly be. Anything you see is the result of changing air pressure above, raindrops maybe, the distant whirr of machinery. Theres nothing up there.All right, but what about a few hours ago? Check on the records at fifteen hundred today, for instance. Surely, you have some recordings.Benastra gave the computer its necessary instructions and for a second or two there was wild chaos on the screen. The n it settled down and again the horizontal withdraw appeared.Ill sensitize it to maximum, muttered Benastra. There were now pronounced hiccups and as they staggered leftward they changed in pattern markedly.Whats that? said Dors. Tell me.Since you say there were people up there, Venabili, I would imagine they were footsteps-the shifting of weight, the impact of shoes. I dont know that I would have guessed it if I hadnt known about the people up there. Its what we call a benign vibration, not associated with anything we know to be dangerous.Can you tell how many people are present?Certainly not by eye. You see, were getting a resultant of all the impacts.You say not by eye. Can the resultant be analyzed into its components by the computer?I doubt it. These are minimal effects and you have to allow for the inevitable noise. The results would be untrustworthy.Well then. Move the time forward till the footstep indications stop. Can you make it fast-forward, so to speak?If I do-the ca st of fast-forward youre speaking of-then it will all just blur into a straight line with a slight haze above and below. What I can do is move it forward in fifteen-minute stages and study it quickly before moving on.Good. Do thatBoth watched the screen until Benastra said, Theres nothing there now. See?There was again a line with nothing but tiny uneven hiccups of noise.When did the footsteps stop?Two hours ago. A trifle to a greater extent.And when they stopped were there fewer than there were foregoing?Benastra looked mildly outraged. I couldnt tell. I dont remember the finest analysis could make a certain decision.Dors pressed her lips together. Then she said, Are you testing a transducer-is that what you called it-near the meteorological venthole?Yes, thats where the instruments are and thats where the meteorologists would have been. Then, unbelievingly, Do you want me to try others in the vicinity? One at a time?No. Stay on this one. But keep on going forward at fifteen-min ute intervals. One person may have been left behind and may have made his way back to the instruments.Benastra shook his head and muttered something under his breath.The screen shifted again and Dors said sharply, Whats that? She was pointing.I dont know. Noise.No. Its periodic. Could it be a single persons footsteps?Sure, but it could be a dozen other things too.Its coming along at about the time of footsteps, isnt it? Then, after a while, she said, Push it forward a little.He did and when the screen settled down she said, Arent those unevennesses getting bigger?Possibly. We can measure them.We dont have to. You can see theyre getting bigger. The footsteps are approaching the transducer. Go forward again. See when they stop. aft(prenominal) a while Benastra said, They stopped twenty or twenty-five transactions ago.Then cautiously, Whatever they are.Theyre footsteps, said Dors with mountain-moving conviction. Theres a man up there and while you and I have been fooling around here, hes collapsed and hes going to freeze and die. Now dont say, Whatever they are Just call Meteorology and get me Jenarr Leggen. Life or death, I tell you. Say soBenastra, lips quivering, had passed the stage where he could possibly resist anything this strange and passionate woman demanded. It took no more than three minutes to get Leggens hologram on the message platform.He had been pulled off from his dinner table. There was a napkin in his hand and a suspicious unction under his lower lip. His long face was set in a fearful scowl. Life or death? What is this? Who are you? Then his eye caught Dors, who had moved closer to Benastra so that her image would be seen on Jenarrs screen. He said, You again. This is simple harassment.Dors said, It is not. I have consulted Rogen Benastra, who is Chief Seismologist at the University. After you and your party had left Upperside, the seismograph shows relieve oneself footsteps of one person still there. Its my student Hari Seldon, who went up there in your care and who is now, quite certainly, lying in a collapsed stupor and may not live long.You will, therefore, take me up there right now with whatever equipment may be necessary. If you do not do so immediately, I shall keep back to University security-to the President himself, if necessary. One way or another Ill get up there and if anything has happened to Hari because you delay one minute, I will see to it that you are hauled in for negligence, incompetence-whatever I can make stick-and will have you lose all spatial relation and be thrown out of academic life. And if hes dead, of course, thats mans anticter by negligence. Or worse, since Ive now warned you hes dying.Jenarr, furious, turned to Benastra. Did you detect-But Dors cut in. He told me what he detected and Ive told you. I do not intend to allow you to bulldoze him into confusion. Are you coming? Now?Has it occurred to you that you may be mistaken? said Jenarr, thin-lipped.Do you know what I can do to you if this is a mischievous false alarm? Loss of status works both ways.Murder doesnt, said Dors. Im ready to chance a trial for malicious mischief. Are you ready to chance a trial for discharge?Jenarr reddened, perhaps more at the necessity of giving in than at the threat. Ill come, but Ill have no mercy on you, novel woman, if your student eventually turns out to have been safe within the dome these past three hours.27.The three went up the elevator in an inimical silence. Leggen had eaten only part of his dinner and had left his wife at the dining area without adequate explanation. Benastra had eaten no dinner at all and had possibly disappointed some woman companion, too without adequate explanation. Dors Venabili had not eaten either and she seemed the most tense and unhappy of the three. She carried a thermal blanket and two photonic founts.When they reached the entrance to Upperside, Leggen, jaw muscles tightening, entered his identification number and the door opened. A cold wind rushed at them and Benastra grunted. None of the three was adequately dressed, but the two men had no intention of remaining up there long.Dors said tightly, Its snowing.Leggen said, Its wet snow. The temperatures just about at the freezing point. Its not a killing frost.It depends on how long one remains in it, doesnt it? said Dors. And being soaked in melting snow wont help.Leggen grunted. Well, where is he? He stared resentfully out into utter blackness, made even worse by the light from the entrance behind him. Dors said, Here, Dr. Benastra, hold this blanket for me. And you, Dr. Leggen, close the door behind you without locking it.Theres no automatic lock on it. Do you think were foolish?Perhaps not, but you can lock it from the inside and leave anyone outside unable to get into the dome.If someones outside, point him out. Show him to me, said Leggen.He could be anywhere. Dors lifted her arms with a photonic fount circling each wrist.We cant look everywhere, mumbled B enastra miserably. The founts blazed into light, spraying in every direction. The snowflakes glittered like a vast mob of fireflies, making it even more difficult to see.The footsteps were getting steadily louder, said Dors. He had to be approaching the transducer. Where would it be located?I havent any idea, snapped Leggen.-Thats outside my field and my responsibility.Dr. Benastra?Benastras solution was hesitant. I dont really know. To tell you the truth, Ive never been up here before. It was installed before my time. The computer knows, but we never thought to ask it that.-Im cold and I dont see what use I am up here.Youll have to stay up here for a while, said Dors firmly. Follow me. Im going to circle the entrance in an outward spiral.We cant see much through the snow, said Leggen.I know that. If it wasnt snowing, wed have seen him by now. Im sure of it. As it is, it may take a few minutes. We can stand that. She was by no means as confident as her words made it appear.She bega n to walk, swinging her arms, playing the light over as large a field as she could, straining her eyes for a dark blotch against the snow.And, as it happened, it was Benastra who first said, Whats that? and pointed.Dors overlapped the two founts, making a buttonlike cone of light in the indicated direction. She ran toward it, as did the other two. They had found him, huddled and wet, about ten meters from the door, five from the nearest meteorological device. Dors felt for his heartbeat, but it was not necessary for, responding to her touch, Seldon stirred and whimpered.Give me the blanket, Dr. Benastra, said Dors in a voice that was faint with relief. She flapped it open and spread it out in the snow. Lift him onto it carefully and Ill roll him. Then well carry him down.In the elevator, vapors were rising from the wrapped Seldon as the blanket warmed to blood temperature.Dors said, Once we have him in his room, Dr. Leggen, you get a doctor-a good one-and see that he comes at once . If Dr. Seldon gets through this without harm, I wont say anything, but only if he does. Remember-You neednt lecture me, said Leggen coldly. I regret this and I will do what I can, but my only fault was in allowing this man to come Upperside in the first place.The blanket stirred and a low, scant(p) voice made itself heard. Benastra started, for Seldons head was cradled in the crook of his elbow. He said, Hes trying to say something.Dors said, I know. He said, Whats going on? She couldnt help but laugh just a little. It seemed such a normal thing to say.28.The doctor was delighted.Ive never seen a case of exposure, he explained. One doesnt get exposed on Trantor.That may be, said Dors coldly, and Im happy you have the chance to experience this novelty, but does it mean that you do not know how to treat Dr. Seldon?The doctor, an elderly man with a bald head and a small gray mustache, bristled. Of course, I do. Exposure cases on the outmost Worlds are common enough-an everyday affa ir-and Ive read a smashing deal about them. Treatment consisted in part of an antiviral serum and the use of a microwave wrapping.This ought to take care of it, the doctor said. On the Outer Worlds, they make use of much more elaborate equipment in hospitals, but we dont have that, of course, on Trantor. This is a treatment for mild cases and Im sure it will do the job.Dors thought later, as Seldon was recovering without particular injury, that it was perhaps because he was an Outworlder that he had survived so well. Dark, cold, even snow were not utterly strange to him. A Trantorian in all probability would have died in a similar case, not so much from physical trauma as from psychic shock.She was not sure of this, of course, since she herself was not a Trantorian either.And, turning her mind away from these thoughts, she pulled up a chair near to Haris bed and settled down to wait.29.On the second morning Seldon stirred circumspect and looked up at Dors, who sat at his bedside, viewing a book-film and taking notes. In a voice that was almost normal, Seldon said, Still here, Dors?She put down the book-film. I cant leave you alone, can I? And I dont trust anyone else.It seems to me that every time I wake up, I see you. Have you been here all the time?Sleeping or waking, yes.But your classes?I have an assistant who has taken over for a while. Dors leaned over and grasped Haris hand. Noticing his embarrassment (he was, after all, in bed), she removed it.Hari, what happened? I was so frightened.Seldon said, I have a confession to make.What is it, Hari?I thought perhaps you were part of a conspiracy-A conspiracy? she said vehemently.I mean, to gaming me Upperside where Id be outside University jurisdiction and therefore subject to being picked up by Imperial forces.But Upperside isnt outside University jurisdiction. Sector jurisdiction on Trantor is from the worldwide center to the sky.Ah, I didnt know that. But you didnt come with me because you said you ha d a busy schedule and, when I was getting paranoid, I thought you were deliberately abandoning me. Please forgive me. Obviously, it was you who got me down from there. Did anyone else care?They were busy men, said Dors carefully. They thought you had come down earlier. I mean, it was a legitimate thought.Clowzia thought so too?The young intern? Yes, she did.Well, it may still have been a conspiracy. Without you, I mean.No, Hari, it is my fault. I had absolutely no right to let you go Upperside alone. It was my job to protect you. I cant stop blaming myself for what happened, for you getting lost.Now, wait a minute, said Seldon, suddenly irritated. I didnt get lost. What do you think I am?Id like to know what you call it. You were nowhere around when the others left and you didnt get back to the entrance-or to the neighborhood of the entrance anyway-till well after dark.But thats not what happened. I didnt get lost just because I wandered away and couldnt find my way back. I told you I was suspecting a conspiracy and I had cause to do so. Im not totally paranoid.Well then, what did happen?Seldon told her. He had no trouble remembering it in full detail he had lived with it in nightmare for most of the preceding day.Dors listened with a frown. But thats impossible. A jet-down? Are you sure?Of course Im sure. Do you think I was hallucinating?But the Imperial forces could not have been searching for you. They could not have arrested you Upperside without creating the equal ferocious rumpus they would have if they had sent in a police force to arrest you on campus.Then how do you explain it?Im not sure, said Dors, but its possible that the consequences of my failure to go Upperside with you might have been worse than they were and that Hummin will be seriously angry with me.Then lets not tell him, said Seldon. It ended well.We must tell him, said Dors grimly. This may not be the end.30.That evening Jenarr Leggen came to visit. It was after dinner and he looked fro m Dors to Seldon several times, as though enquire what to say. Neither offered to help him, but both waited patiently.He had not impressed either of them as being a master of small talk.Finally he said to Seldon, Ive come to see how you are.Perfectly well, said Seldon, except that Im a little sleepy. Dr. Venabili tells me that the treatment will keep me tired for a few days, presumably so Im sure of getting needed rest. He smiled. Frankly, I dont mind.Leggen breathed in deeply, let it out, hesitated, and then, almost as though he was forcing the words out of himself, said, I wont keep you long. I perfectly understand you need to rest. I do want to say, though, that I am sorry it all happened. I should not have assumed-so casually-that you had gone down by yourself. Since you were a tyro, I should have felt more responsible for you. After all, I had agreed to let you come up. I hope you can find it in your heart to forgive me. Thats really all I wish to say.Seldon yawned, putting hi s hand over his mouth. release me.-Since it seems to have turned out well, there need be no hard feelings. In some ways, it was not your fault. I should not have wandered away and, besides, what happened was-Dors interrupted. Now, Hari, please, no conversation. Just relax. Now, I want to talk to Dr. Leggen just a bit before he goes. In the first place, Dr. Leggen, I quite understand you are concerned about how repercussions from this affair will affect you. I told you there would be no follow-up if Dr. Seldon recovered without ill effects. That seems to be taking place, so you may relax-for now. I would like to ask you about something else and I hope that this time I will have your free cooperation.I will try, Dr. Venabili, said Leggen stiffly.Did anything unusual happen during your stay Upperside?You know it did. I lost Dr. Seldon, something for which I have just apologized.Obviously Im not referring to that. Did anything else unusual happen?No, nothing. Nothing at all.Dors looked at Seldon and Seldon frowned. It seemed to him that Dors was trying to check on his story and get an independent account. Did she think he was imagining the search vessel? He would have like to object heatedly, but she had raised a quieting hand at him, as though she was preventing that very eventuality. He subsided, partly because of this and partly because he really wanted to sleep. He hoped that Leggen would not stay long.Are you certain? said Dors. Were there no intrusions from outside?No, of course not. Oh-Yes, Dr. Leggen?There was a jet-down.Did that strike you as odd?No, of course not.Why not?This sounds very much as though Im being cross-examined, Dr. Venabili. I dont much like it.I can appreciate that, Dr. Leggen, but these questions have something to do with Dr. Seldons misadventure. It may be that this whole affair is more complicated than I had thought.In what way? A new edge entered his voice. Do you intend to raise new questions, requiring new apologies? In that cas e, I may find it necessary to withdraw.Not, perhaps, before you explain how it is you do not find a hovering jet-down a bit peculiar.Because, my dear woman, a number of meteorological posts on Trantor possess jet-downs for the direct study of clouds and the upper atmosphere. Our own meteorological station does not.Why not? It would be useful.Of course. But were not competing and were not keeping secrets. We will report on our findings they will report on theirs. It makes sense, therefore, to have a scattering of differences and specializations. It would be foolish to duplicate efforts completely. The money and manpower we might spend on jet-downs can be spent on mesonic refractometers, while others will spend on the first and save on the latter. After all, there may be a great deal of competitiveness and ill feeling among the sectors, but science is one thing-only thing-that holds us together. You know that, I presume, he added ironically.I do, but isnt it rather coincidental that s omeone should be direct a jet-down right to your station on the very day you were going to use the station?No coincidence at all. We announced that we were going to make measurements on that day and, consequently, some other station thought, very properly, that they might make simultaneous nephelometric measurements-clouds, you know. The results, taken together, would make more sense and be more useful than either taken separately.Seldon said suddenly in a rather blurred voice, They were just measuring, then? He yawned again.Yes said Leggen. What else would they possibly be doing?Dors blinked her eyes, as she sometimes did when she was trying to think rapidly. That all makes sense. To which station did this particular jet-down belong?Leggen shook his head. Dr. Venabili, how can you possibly expect me to tell?I thought that each meteorological jet-down might possibly have its stations markings on it.Surely, but I wasnt looking up and studying it, you know. I had my own work to do an d I let them do theirs. When they report, Ill know whose jet-down it was.What if they dont report?Then I would cogitate their instruments failed. That happens sometimes. His right fist was clenched. Is that all, then?Wait a moment. Where do you suppose the jet-down might have come from?It might be any station with jet-downs. On a days notice-and they got more than that-one of those vessels can reach us handily from anyplace on the planet.But who most likely?Hard to say Hestelonia, Wye, Ziggoreth, North Damiano. Id say one of these four was the most likely, but it might be any of forty others at least.Just one more question, then. Just one. Dr. Leggen, when you announced that your group would be Upperside, did you by any chance say that a mathematician, Dr. Hari Seldon, would be with you.A look of apparently deep and honest surprise crossed Leggens face, a look that quickly turned contemptuous. Why should I list label? Of what interest would that be to anyone?Very well, said Dors. The truth of the matter, then, is that Dr. Seldon saw the jet-down and it disturbed him. I am not certain why and apparently his memory is a bit fuzzy on the matter. He more or less ran away from the jet-down, got himself lost, didnt think of trying to return-or didnt dare to-till it was well into twilight, and didnt quite make it back in the dark. You cant be blamed for that, so lets forget the whole incident on both sides.Agreed, said Leggen. Good-bye He turned on his frank and left.When he was gone, Dors rose, pulled off Seldons slippers gently, straightened him in his bed, and covered him. He was sleeping, of course.Then she sat down and thought. How much of what Leggen had said was true and what might possibly exist under the cover of his words?She did not know.

An Analysis of Old Major’s Speech: Animal Farm Essay

Having served the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, George Orwell received direct experience with the lower-class of society. After joining the Republi hindquarters forces in the Spanish well-bred War he grew critical of the communists, and later he fought the communists in Spain, himself.This was the reason he wrote Animal Farm to illustrate the dangers that communism, implemented in a sour way, often led to. In this way, it could be classified as satire, i. e.on the corruption of the Russian revolution, not on communism itself. He wrote it as an anthropomorphic allegory, that is to allege that the story of the Russian Revolution was written with the characters being animal(prenominal)s rather than humans, and that it was not telling the story literally, rather it was figurative. In my opinion, this was done to engage the reader much fully and to bypass each bosss the reader may have about any one of the real-life characters.Out of these characters, sexagenarian major of the Animal Farm represents Karl Marx who can be considered the father of communist ideology and of whom Marxism was named after. In the same way, Old Major was the father of animalism and he was the first one to articulate its ideas. Old Majors name could be described as an aptonym both the name he was exhibited with i. e. Willingdon Beauty and the name the animals knew him by i. e. Old Major. The Author uses the stereotype of old, experienced and wise, hence racyly regarded and respected.His names represent these ideas Old signifies age Major signifies that he is respected due to his age Willingdon may hold still for his leadership quality and Beauty signifies another reason he was highly regarded and respected. Due to his age, him being wise and his immense experience, both of which made him uncomparable, the animals would naturally concur him authority. He was a prize middle white boar i. e. unique in his carriage, but he was balanced with having a wise and benevolent appearanc e. This balance is the reason he engendered such respect that the animals would lose an hour of sleep to listen to his speech.Although his elderliness is being emphasised by him being 12 old age old, the author goes on to say that he was still a majestic looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in injure of the fact that his tushes were never cut. The fact that his tushes were never cut yet there was still a majestic look on him, indicates that he was unique and his appearance was true, not artificial. During Old Majors speech, he was not only a person of honour, but he is placed in a position of honour.He places himself on a raised platform, under a lantern, in a place of importance for the animals i.e. the barn, above the other animals, singling himself above the others and self-aggrandising himself the authority he needed. In addition to this, he was there before any other animal, giving them the impression of promptness and strengthening their awareness of the sobe rness of the topic he was about to speak about. He took all these measures in order that he would have as much authority in the eyeball of the other animals, as it would take so that it would make it impossible for the others to oppose him during the speech.It was night time the animals were exhausted from their work and this was intensified by the fact that they were wanting sleep. The threats of Mr Jones had disappeared and it was the ideal time for the animals to reflect on the reasons for their misery. Old Major had chosen the best time. The fact that they were tired may have made it even much likely for them to submit to Old Majors view on their lives and his solutions to their problems. It would be natural for them to accept his conclusions given the circumstances they were in and the authority he had.Old Major waited till the animals were all present and silent. This also alludes to the importance of the topic he was going to talk about since it was his intention for all t he animals to hold up about it and to give it their ultimate commitment. This was the importance of the occasion. One of the main components of his speech was the dream he claimed he had. In the eyes of the animals, Old Major, due to his high standing amongst them, was totally trustworthy and truthful.Hence the fact that he claimed he had learnt a tenor that was sung by the ancient animals, and which had been long forgotten, a song which appealed to their innermost cores, linked him up with superior powers in the eyes of the animals. In this manner, the dream led the animals to putting all their trust in Old Majors ideas, since he was, in their eyes, impossible to be contradicted. With this in mind, the animals naturally fell into the wildest excitement upon Old Majors recitation of the song.It threw hope into their paddy wagon for change, made them wishful of the future and inspired them to work for the rebellion. It was also Old Majors experience which made his dream impossible to contradict he was unique amongst them due to his vast experience, something which no other animal on the farm could compete with, and it was based on this that he made his predictions of the future.A distinction of the speech, which was arguably one of the most effective in terms of persuasion of the animals, was Old Majors use of comprehensive language i. e. language which include and united the audience i. e. the animals. He uses this technique throughout the speech, but the effect is emphasised in the 5th and 6th paragraphs. In the 5th paragraph, after mentioning the enemy, man, he justifies his conclusion about them citing the fact that man is incapable of doing the work animals do. Old Major declares about man, he does not give milk, he does not recline bombard, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch the rabbits.By mentioning this, he is not only illustrating the superiority of animal over man, but he is also engaging the animals in making them proud of what they do as opposed to men. Old Major does not stick in himself to speaking (generally), rather he chooses to speak directly to each animal, capturing their fullest engagement with rhetorical questions on subjects of utmost concern for them. He emphasises the corruption of man with regards to these matters. This in the long run leads to the animals anger and outrage at the humans, further uniting them against man. He says, You cowshow many thousands of gallon of milk have you given during the last year? And what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. He repeats this with regards to the hens, And you hens, how many eggs have you laid this year, and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? . He even singles out Clover reminding her of the fate of her foals who were all sold. He emphasises his uniqueness in that he was allowed to reach his age, he uses himself as the ideal model and describes his life as the natural life of a pig.He highlights the fate of the porkers, saying you will scream your lives at the block within a year. He mentions Boxer, who was described earlier on in the text as as strong as any two ordinary horses put together, and describes his ultimate fate to be with the knackers who will kill him for the fox-hounds. As I have illustrated, Old Major combines inclusive language, rhetorical questions on issues of utmost concern for the audience, such as the horrors Mr Jones had prepared for their death.

Six Major Classes of Nutrients

There ar six major classes of nutrientscarbohydrates,fats,minerals,protein,vitamins, andwater. These nutrient classes can be categorized as allmacronutrients(needed in relatively large amounts) ormicronutrients(needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients include carbohydrates (includingfiber), fats, protein, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material ( amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some(prenominal) signaling molecules are built) and nix.Some of the structural material can be used to generate readiness internally, and in either case it is measured inJoulesorkilocalories(often called Calories and written with a capitalCto distinguish them from little c calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17kJ approximately (4kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37kJ (9kcal) per gram. ,17though the net energy from either depends on suc h factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance.Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. A third class of dietary material, fiber (i. e. , non-digestible material such as cellulose), is also required,citation neededfor both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the shoot reasons remain unclear. Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simplemonosaccharides(glucose, fructose, galactose) to complexpolysaccharides(starch).Fats aretriglycerides, made of assorted superfatted acidmonomersbound to aglycerolbackbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, areessentialin the diet they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containingamino acids, some of which areessentialin the sense that huma ns cannot make them internally.Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can be produced internally the remaining amino acids are discarded, primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation. Other micronutrients includeantioxidantsandphytochemicals, which are tell to influence (or protect) some body systems.Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins. Most foods contain a swagger of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Some nutrients can be stored internally (e. g. , the fat water-soluble vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt and water (both absolutely required) will cause illness or even expiration in excessive amounts.

Character of Curley’s wife in Of Mice and Men Essay

The novel Of Mice and Men was written in the 1930s by a man named John Steinbeck. The book is set in the States and at a time during the Great Depression. This was when the stock market had crashed some years prior, lots of companies went bankrupt, the banking systems failed and a massive soar in unemployment was witnessed. Also during this completion of the Great Depression droughts were seen in the southern and western states of America with failed harvests in Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas. The fertile grassland that once was, became desert like and the area became known as the dust bowl. During this time the women fitted into this society as the home keepers, the men would go out to earn money whilst the muliebrity stayed home to ensure things ran on smoothly there. The key terms that I will be evaluating in this essay, is how Steinbeck portrays Curleys wife and how he attempts to make the reader either aspect despise or sympathy towards her. In chapter two Steinbeck d escribes Curleys wife as a tart, this is a derogatory term used to describe a female who could possibly be loose or promiscuous even if they are non.Even before the reader is introduced to Curleys wife, Steinbeck begins to tempt the reader to abominate her. Further on in the chapter when she is beingness introduced for the first time, Steinbeck uses imagery to describe Curleys wife, he writes fair about her full rouged lips, her flushed finger nails, the bouquets of red ostrich feathers and the red mules she is wearing. Here the reader digest see that Steinbeck is using connotations of the colour red. Red is seen as a provocative or seductive colour, it can also be seen as a colour of warning or danger. Here Steinbeck could possibly be trying to foreshadow prox events to come. From this the reader whitethorn begin to already form a dislike towards Curleys wife as it appears that she attempting to attract the attention of the workers on the farm, this would be an un-natural way for a marry woman to be brace. In chapter three Steinbeck continues to describe Curleys wife in a negative manner. Steinbeck uses the term jail bait when she is being spoken about by the farm workers. The term jail bait is a metaphor as you cannot literally be a piece of bait that will give notice another up in jail.A woman who is described as jail bait is somebody who attempts to look older than theyactually are, and are possibly attempting to attract a suitor to take the bait, if this event comes to fruition the suitor could find himself serving a lengthy prison sentence. Further on in chapter three, Steinbeck writes about Curleys wife as having the eye all the time, Steinbeck again is using a metaphor to descried Curleys wife actions towards the farm workers. You cannot actually pose the eye, what Steinbeck is doing is attempting to show the reader that she is always looking for attention and has to act in a provocative manner to obtain this. The reader whitethorn begin to impression strong dislike towards Curleys wife now, as this is not the way each married woman should act. However it also begins to show the reader what a lonely existence it was for women during this era and possibly all that Curleys wife actually craved was social interaction which is a basic need for any human being.Steinbeck again could possibly be foreshadowing future events to come. In chapter four Steinbeck begins to touch more on the lonely existence for a woman during this period of time. Curleys wife speaks about wanting to talk to somebody ever once in a while this again represents the loneliness that she may be experiencing and again possibly the cause for her acting in the manner that she does almost the workers. Steinbeck here uses imagery as the reader can imagine Curleys wife being completely alone from female contact and only having Curley to speak to and the farm workers when Curley is not around. Steinbeck could also be possibly foreshadowing future events to come. Further on in the chapter Steinbeck also creates an element of fear towards Curleys wife, this is seen when she is talking with Lennie and Candy. Curleys wife states to Candy that she could recrudesce him strung up on a tree when she is challenged by him. Steinbeck again is using imagery and a metaphor to describe what will have.Being strung up is a referral to being hung, this would be done by making a noose at one end of a rope and hanging it over a growth and tying it to a tree, unfortunately a person then has the noose put over his head and then the rope is pulled tight and the person is effectively strung up. From this the reader may begin to feel a strong dislike to Curleys wife even though she could possibly be lonely, the way she is going about getting the attention she craves is not the way to win people over. Making threats to a person who already may not get the best treatment, will only make them fear the consequences more if they are found out. In chapter five Steinbeck uses imagery to describe the wayCurleys wife quietly approached Lennie in the stable, the reader could feel that this is a sneakily way to get close to Lennie and then before he can get away from her she is upon him.Steinbeck also describes Curleys wife as having little sausage curls, Steinbeck is using personification to describe her hair, as in reality you would not have sausage as curls in someones hair, and again may be attempting to sway the reader to dislike her, also from this the reader may feel that Curleys wife can be quite sly and cunning at times, the way that she approaches Lennie in the barn is not the norm if you are just strolling about, it moldiness be a calculated act, knowing full well that she will catch Lennie alone. From this the reader may feel a strong dislike towards her, this is due to the fact that although she is married, she is still attempting to get one of the farm workers alone. It is almost like she cannot resist the temptation. And ultimat ely in the end if anything was to happen, the worker would move on and she would have knew victims to try and entice.Throughout the novella the readers opinions of Curleys wife may slightly sway from dislike to sympathy, this is because the way Steinbeck uses imagery to describe her at the get it is that of a loose and easy woman, craving the attention of men on the farm in an almost sexual and provocative manner even though she is recently married. This theme continues throughout the majority of the story at different intervals. She enjoys to wear red, she is always asking if anyone have seen her husband, she seems to relax more if they have not and enjoys the attention she attracts.The reader may also feel sympathy for her as when Steinbeck describes her wanting company, this could possibly be a reason for her always hanging around the worker and looking for Curley. Ultimately I feel the reader will show great dislike towards her, the way she acts is not the correct way for a wom an to act regardless of loneliness. I feel that Steinbeck is attempting to draw attention to how lonely life must have been for any person during that period of time. The struggles that they must have come over and lengths that some people would have gone to achieve that.

Evolution Theory Essay

Darwin spent five years exploring the world. Darwin traveled to many places mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. As he traveled from place to place, Darwin was surprised, by the similarities between the species. He wrote in his journal of the Galapagos Islands, there is even a difference between the inhabitants of the different islands yet all show a label relationship with those of America, though separated from that continent by an open space of ocean, between 500 and 600 miles in width. At this early stage of his life, along with graduating college Darwin in brief began collecting evidence for his theory of Evolution and natural selection. While on his journey Darwin made many observations. They were mainly about the different species he saw on the Galapagos Islands. Each island had a different variation of birds. He notice that the beak sizes of the finches were different on each island because of the size seeds they ate.Darwin noticed that organisms reproduce to a greater exte nt offspring than can survive. Each individual offspring has unique characteristics that can be hereditable. Most of Darwins observations focused on the idea of natural adaptions. Darwin noticed that the body parts an animal used the most for survival, evolved oer periods of time. Meaning if a giraffe tends to use its neck a lot, it will extend in length throughout time. This is an organisms natural adaption to, living within its environment. These observations lead to the theory of Evolution. Aside from this Darwin observed the competitive field among organisms. An organisms physical adaption can either make or break them. Survival of the fittest is key in every habitat. Through evolution, organisms have been allowed to make physical and behavioural adaptions that can be beneficial towards survival.In his theory Darwin states that organisms have visible differences. This difference can be inherited from the offsprings p bents. Another allude is that organisms produce more offsprin g than can survive. From these organisms that are produced, many do not reproduce later on in life. Since so many organisms are reproduced there is a fight for the survival of the fittest. Individuals best meet to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. The characteristics that make them best suited to their environment are passed on to offspring. Individuals whose characteristics are not as well suited to their environment die or leave fewer offspring.Organisms change over time, this is the theory that Darwin tries to prove known as evolution. It is believed that organism adapt t their environment and change over periods of time. The species that live in present day are descendants form those in the past. All organisms on Earth are united by one common ancestor. These are the major points form Darwins theory of Evolution. I feel that Darwins theory is very accurate. Organisms adapt over time and this adaptions help with natural survival. Evolution occurs over pe riods of time and has guide us to our modern state. Every organism is the descendant of a prehistoric ancestor. There are visible similarities, but sometimes it may be nasty to tell an organisms ancestor. I feel that if changes occur gradually it can be easily noticed that organisms physical, behavioral and outer appearances change.

Hipaa Violation

Course Project Rough Draft MGH HIPAA violation case Jennifer Brummage Medical Law and Ethics In the health care business, thither are certain standards and laws that have been put in place to protect our affected roles and their psycheal health discipline. When a health care facility fails to protect their uncomplainings confidential information, the US G overnment may get intricate and facilities may be forced to give way huge sums of money in fines, and assay damaging their reputation. The wellness Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was established in 1996.This Act was put into place in order to improve the efficiency and military posture of the health care system. The HIPAA law includes a Privacy rule and a Security Rule. Hospitals, Doctors, and employees in the medical field are expected to adopt the guinea pig standards and aim to keep patient information confidential. When a hospital or medical employee fails to meet the standards stigmatise, lawsu its can ensue and they can be fined large sums of money relating to the incident.The Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals medical records and other personal health information and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically. The Privacy rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect personal health information. The rule as well as gives patients rights over their health information, including rights to examine and obtain a copy of their health records.The Security protects individuals electronic personal health information that is created, received, used or maintained by a covered entity. The Security rule requires appropriate administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and warranter of electronic protected health information. The function for Civil rights (OCR) is responsible for enforcing the HIPAA s tandards. When a complaint is filed, it is the job of the OCR to investigate. OCR may also conduct compliance reviews to determine if the health organization is in compliance with the HIPAA laws.When the OCR accepts a complaint from an individual, they will nonify the person and the covered entity named in it. Then both parties will submit information about the incident. The OCR will review the information to determine whether or not a violation has occurred. When violations have occurred and have been proven, the US Government will impose a fine that they see appropriate. When Health organizations such a private medical practices, hospitals, and clinics fail to meet the standards described in the HIPAA act, investigations, bad press, and fines are surely to follow.There have been a proceeds of cases in the past few years that have been investigated for HIPAA violations. One of the more recent and highly publicized cases was that of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). On bunt 6 , 2009 is was reported that an employee of MGH had withdraw from the hospitals premises a cusp of documents that included the private healthcare information (PHI) of approximately one hundred and ninety two patients. The employee had removed the folder from the hospitals medical records room, so that she could bring her work home with her in order to complete some paperwork.The information that was included in these files were documents that had billing encounter forms that contained the names of the patients, their date of birth, social security numbers, addresses, rally numbers, medical record number, the patients diagnoses and proposed course of treatment, their provider and the providers address and phone numbers. The folder also contained documents that included the practices daily office schedule for three days and the medical record number for 192 patients.The employee was aware that she was not permitted to remove this confidential information from the hospital premises. In doing so, she violated the HIPAA law. On March 9, 2009, the employee who removed the documents from the hospital was commuting to work on a resistance train. According to the complaint that was filed, the employee had removed the folder containing the documents from her bag and placed them in the seat beside her. The documents were not in an envelope and they were bound precisely by a rubber band. Upon exiting the train, the MGH employee left the documents on the subway train.The documents were never recovered. This incident was later reported to the Office of Civil rights (OCR) by a patient who was apprised by the hospital that his medical records had been lost by an employee and left them on a subway train. The One hundred and ninety two patients involved had been patients of the hospitals Infectious Disease outpatient practice, which includes HIV/AIDS patients. The fact that the patients involved in this case were potentially AIDS patients, made the violation that much more serious.Investigators had to take in to account that these people had their medical records lost, and in those records were their phone numbers and addresses and perhaps their place of employment. If these documents fell into the wrong hands, the potential for destroying the patients lives was very high. Had a person with malicious intent got ahold of their information, they could have harassed the patient and possibly spread their personal information around, which could have had devastating consequences. The Office of Civil Rights began their investigation of Massachusetts General following the March 2009 Complaint.Because of the potential violations that MGH faced, they agreed to pay the United State Government $1,000,000 to settle potential fines. MGH is one of the nations largest and oldest hospitals. The Hospital is highly regarded and respected, and many hospitals took banknote when the investigation into possible HIPAA security law violations began. In addition to agreeing to pay the United States Government one million dollars, the hospital and the General Hospital Corporation agreed to sign a Resolution Agreement with the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).The agreement required that the hospital convey and implement a comprehensive set of policies and procedures to safeguard the privacy of its patients. In signing this resolution agreement, it was the HHS hope that other hospitals and clinics throughout the nation would recognize that the OCR is very serious about investigation every(prenominal) claim that is filed with them. The OCR wants other hospitals to see that if a violation has occurred and a patients privacy has been violated, there will be consequences.The OCR wanted to make an usage out of Massachusetts General Hospital. In addition to the fines and the signing of the resolution agreement, OCR and HHS asked MGH to enter into a Corrective Action Plan. The HHR wanted the hospital and its employees to not only b e held responsible and made an example out of, they also wanted the hospital to raise the awareness of its employees. The Corrective Action Plan (CAP) was designed to develop and implement a comprehensive set of policies and procedures that ensure the patients private health information is protected whenRemoved from the hospitals premises. It was to ensure that the employees were trained and informed of the new policies and procedures so that future mistakes could be prevented. The hospital was also required to have the Director of Internal Audit Services of Partners HealthCare System Inc. to take to heart as an internal monitor who will conduct assessments of MGHs compliance with the CAP and render semi-annual reports to the HHS for a 3 year period. It was the mistake of one person that caused so many changes in MGHs system.It was a costly mistake, but ultimately is has helped the United States Government make hospitals aware that if the standards set are not followed then there w ill be consequences. The HIPAA laws that are set in place are meant to protect patients. Even the US Government and the employees of MGH are souls patients, and they would also want their privacy respected. Hospitals across the nation, private practices, doctors and healthcare facilities should take notice, they need to make sure their employees are trained and informed of the policies and procedures regarding patients privacy and security.Every hospital in the nation should raise their own standards so that they are above the ones set for them. Patients will take notice and be appreciative and more trusting when receiving care. In conclusion, this HIPAA violation could have possibly been prevented had MGH implemented the Action Plan in the beginning. The hospital should have had a program that required all employees to take prior to starting work with the hospital. Had the employee that left the documents on the subway been through a class on HIPAA laws and the clear up way of ha ndling PHI, maybe the incident never would have occurred.Hospitals should hold a class as part of the hiring process to thoroughly train their employees on this issue. It could be used as a preventive measure and save the hospital from large fines in the future. References * FierceHealthcare. com, HIPAA violations. Feb 25 2011 (54198) * HHS. gov. News Release MGH HIPAA violation. Feb 24 2011 * US Department of Health and Human Services. HIPAA Law, July 19, 2011 * Zigmond J, Modern Healthcare, ISSN 0160-7480, 2011 Feb 28 Vol. 41 (9), pp. 13 * http//www. hhs. gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/index. html

Mount Everest Disaster: The PRINCE2 Perspective

our site FREE ESSAYS DISSERTATION EXAMPLES IntroductionThe Mount Everest incident of 1996was one of the greatest jaunt failures in the history of climbing. Young, Hailey, and Neame (2010) focused on the leadinghip failures of the expedition, and found that a situational analysis should be claim been carried out. However, in that respect were multiple errors in planning and strategy that led to the death of eight people that could hit been avoided. Sullivan (2007) approaches the failures from the risk-assessment perspective, stating that judgements were non made based on the basis of risk assessment, and there were no calculations performed before the dangerous expedition started. The below review of the calamity will highlight additional issues lack of flexibility, performance and quality monitoring, and the inability to focus on the objectives of the visualise. The author of the current review will argue that using PRINCE2 consider management approaches would shake imp roved the feasibility of the jut out, allowing the team to succeed, eliminate or inform risks, and remain focused on the desired outcomes.2. Situational Analysis agree to Young et al. (2010 1), climbing teams pre-determine turn round metres to signal descent or abandon breast efforts. However, these turnaround times were estimates, and did not take into consideration hold out conditions, the training level of climbers, etc. in that location were no calculations made regarding to major risks, much(prenominal) as performance reduction due to the lower oxygen level at high altitudes, dehydration, lack of sleep, and most importantly reduced decision-making abilities of leading (Young et al., 2010). Further risks were not assessed, such as the surprise snowstorm that occurred between 4 and 5 in the afternoon.There were other risk factors that could have been addressed before the trip, such as the problems with radio communication. For example, the leading assumed that two pe ople were dead, and abandoned them, however, they were alive. By the time they returned to rescue them, they could not be saved.Leadership errors are too noted by Sullivan (2007), who concludes that the two leading guides were unable to make decisions about turning back without Fisher, with whom they could not communicate with. If they took the clients back to camp on time, noting that the turnaround time has passed, they could have saved their lives.3. Why and How the Expedition FailedAccording to Sullivan (2007), some(prenominal) people believe that the severe weather conditions caused the death of mountaineers on the Everest in 1996. He, however, notes that the weather was a risk that should have been considered more carefully by both leaders (Sullivan 2007 38). Based on that statement, it is clear that no risk assessment was completed, and no real-time situation monitoring was implemented.The other causal agency why the project failed is the lack of clear role definition in t he leadership team. There was already a rivalry between Hall and Fischer (Sullivan 2007), and it was not clear who was responsible for supervising the Sherpas, waiting for clients, providing medical emergency services, or even tying the ropes. This confusedness about ropes resulted in a lack of action and delay. Delay in a mountaineering worldly concern means more oxygen used, and less time to turn around. Therefore, the lack of planning and clear roles was as well responsible for the disaster. As Sullivan (2007 42) puts it commercial high-altitude mountaineering must be recognized as an activity of risk, not one of risk-taking.Analysing the bad decisions made by Hall and Fischer, Roberto (2002) introduces the idea of the sunk cost effect. He provides a clear definition for this effect as the tendency for people to escalate commitment to a course of action in which they have made substantial prior investments of time, money, or other resources. This, translated to the world of c limbers and commercial mountaineers means that they carry on, despite they know they are failing at the task, in other words they are overcommitted, and make irrational decisions. This was the reason why they did not turn the climbers around, and let them carry on against the odds. Even though they had a two o clock rule, as a latest turnaround time, they did not communicate this clearly with the team.4. How PRINCE2 Could Have Improved Project Management4.1. Process FundamentalsThere were several failures regarding the project fundamentals. In PRINCE2, these are described as starting up a project, directing a project, initiating the project, positive stage, managing product delivery, managing stage boundaries, and closing a project. Each of these fundamentals can be employ to a project of climbing the Everest. In the starting up phase, the leaders should have clearly identified the objective of the project completing the climb and getting all climbers back to the base safely. In the directing phase, they should have ensured that all infrastructure and resources were available, in good working condition, and accessible. In the project initiation stage, the leaders should have communicated the rules and objectives clearly with the climber and the Sherpas. They should have created a common understanding of the project (CIPFA 2012). The main failures, however, occurred on the controlling and product delivery stages. Resource commitments were not agreed, and this meant that some climbers had to attempt reaching the camp without enough oxygen. There was simply no project manager who could have controlled the activities and created a stage plan. If there were controlling stages introduced, for example times when teams would communicate and provide updates, it would have been noticed on time that there were serious problems that needed solving. In the controlling stage, tolerances are also agreed (Murray 2010). If PRINCE2 was apply to the project, the different p articipants could have agreed on the grateful deviance from the turnaround time, and many of the problems and communication errors could have been prevented. Similarly, if the framework was used in the development of the project, the product (expedition quality and safety) delivery would have been more controlled and better managed in the Managing Product Delivery stage.Finally, it is important to note that in the Managing Stage Boundaries stage. According to CIPFA (2012), this is the stage where at each stage end, the continuing viability of the project should be confirmed. If stage boundaries were created by the leaders, reality checks could have been completed, and it would have been clear that there was no chance to get all the participants safely home without oxygen. Based on benchmarking and evaluation, the project could have been abandoned (turning back), or redirected, modified. In the closing stage, the leaders should have identified lessons learned. More importantly, how ever, they should have learned from experience before starting the project, as they had many expeditions behind them, already. Reflecting on past and potential problems could have improved the overall projects outcome and design.4.2. Theme FundamentalsBased on the theme fundamentals of PRINCE2, it is clear that the weakest aspect of project design was risk. Managing uncertainties, such as weather, the physical condition of participants, communication systems reliability could have helped avoid risks that led to the death of climbers. There was no clear understanding and consensus on quality attributes the project wanted to achieve, and the plans were clearly not matched to the needs of participants (Plans Theme Fundamental). It is also necessary to highlight the fact that there was no clearly defined plan on dealing with changes, such as weather conditions, lateness. All the conditions, such as slow pace, not meeting deadlines had a negative impact on the projects baseline aspects ( CIPFA 2012). Continuous assessment of the viability of plans should have been carried out, such as performance monitoring, and the escalation of intervention plans if the project does not go according to plans. This control is in place to help the project manager determine whether or not the project should go on or be abandoned.4.3. Further ConsiderationsAs the TSO (2009a) guidance states, the mention features of PRINCE2 for project managers are the clear definition of roles, authorities, and processes. If this framework was applied to the Everest expedition, all participants would have known what was expected from them in order to help achieve the acceptable quality product (outcome) (TSO 2009b).Marsh (1996) further explains the benefits of PRINCE2 for complicated projects according to the summary provided by the authors, this system allows the clear definition of the requirements related to the organization itself, users, project managers, the feat team, and other stakeholders. If Hall and Fischer determined what was the desired outcome of the expedition, and identified processes that were needed to achieve them, assigning each individual with tasks, an advanced business system could have been developed. They could have agreed on set time-scales and project boundaries.4.4. Application of PRINCE2 PrinciplesThe Oracle (2011) White Paper further explains the main beliefs of PRINCE2, and they can all be applied to the case examined in this study. The first principle is continued business justification. This relates to regular reviews of the progress of the project, and decisions made whether or not it meets the needs of the organization. If this principle was applied in the Everest expedition of 1996, it would have been found that because of the lack of oxygen, severe weather, and lack of adherence to timescales carrying on with the trip was not serving the interest of the stakeholders, and would not result in the outcomes planned by the team. Learning fro m experience is another principle that would have helped the leaders prevent risks. It is evident from Sullivans (2007) account that the two experienced leaders have experienced problems previously. If these problems and potential risks of their recurrence were assessed before the expedition, plans could have been made to address the issues. For example, both Hall and Fischer have taken inexperienced climbers on the homogeneous route, and knew that the lack of planning would result in groups breaking up. Hall did know about the lack of reliable radio communication, and decided not to address the issue.There were no managed roles and responsibilities another principle of PRINCE2. Sullivan (2007) writes that one of the guides, Anatoli Bourkeev did not act as a guide at all. He was hours ahead of clients. This clearly shows that responsibilities and roles were defined, he would have stayed with the clients and carried supplementary oxygen. Managing by stages was also not applied, as t he leaders and guides were too focused on delivering the service clients paid for (Roberto, 2002). Even though another principle of the system is Focus on Products, it refers to fulfilling the product descriptions in this case the products description would have been safe delivery of expedition, preserving the health and safety of participants, leaders, and Sherpas. However, several members fell ill, including Hall who had a previously developed chronic condition, and many people had to be rescued. Managing by exceptions was another principle that followed would have made the expedition safer and more successful. No alerts were made when problems occurred. As Roberto (2002 145) writes The guides as well felt uncomfortable speaking up. Neil Beidleman, a guide on the Mountain Madness expedition, has indicated that he had serious reservations about people climbing well past midday. However, he did not feel comfortable telling Fischer and other team members that they should turn aroun d. In PRINCE2, risk registers are created (London South Bank University 2016), and they are accessed and updated by all participants. If this procedure was followed, the identified risk could have been dealt with appropriately by management, rejection, elimination, or minimisation. Finally, PRINCE2 could have been tailored to the project environment, taking into consideration the challenges, the training level and health of participants, and the resources available.5. Lessons Learned for Project ManagersSeveral lessons can be learned from the Everest disaster of 1999. The main cause of the failure of leaders to keep participants, leaders, and Sherpas safe was the lack of clear quality measures, roles, and risk assessment. The project was not managed and monitored by stages, and communication was poor. The project owners did not ensure that all the resources needed for delivering a quality product (outcome) were in place (initiating a project). Based on the above assessment, it is cl ear that applying PRINCE2 principles, themes, and processes would have created better outcomes for the Everest expedition project.BibliographyCIPFA. 2012. PRINCE2 Quick Reference Guide.Ferguson, C. 2011. PRINCE2 for Small-scale Projects. Novare Consulting.London South Bank University. 2016. PRINCE2 Presentations and Lectures.Marsh, D., 1996. Project management and PRINCE. Health Informatics, 2(1), pp.21-27.Murray, A. 2010. White-paper PRINCE2 AND Governance. Outperform. Document military issue 1042-01-01 Version Number 1v0Oracle. 2011. PeopleSoft Projects (ESA) Support for PRINCE2. An Oracle White Paper June 2011Roberto, M.A., 2002. Lessons from Everest The interaction of cognitive bias, psychological safety, and system complexity. California Management Review, 45(1), pp.136-158.Sullivan, P., Failure of Risk Management in the 1996 Everest Disaster. Discoveries.TSO. 2009a. Managing and directing Successful Projects with PRINCE2. The Stationary Office.TSO. 2009b. The Executive Guide to Directing Projects within a PRINCE2 and MSP Environment, TSO 2009Young, S., Healey, K. and Neame, V., The Everest Disaster.

Report of findings to the Community Health Department Essay

It has been brought to my attention that there may be an illness spreading throughout the middle schools due to a recent rise in scholarly person absences. In researching the recent absences, Ive noticed that in 2 of the 4 middle schools, Truman and capital of Mississippi, there was an peculiar spike in the absences of band learners on May 20 and 21. I reviewed the school calendars and noticed that Truman and Jackson Middle School had a Battle of the Bands event scheduled on May 19.Interviews were conducted with some of the absentees parents, it has vex to my attention that some of the band members believably went out to dinner after the event. I looked into recent wellness inspections of local eating houses available from the Health Department and there are several wellness violations at restaurants in close proximity to the schools. The school nurse also provided information that food poisoning symptoms can jut within a day or two of eating contaminated food, which, based on references conducted, is when these students began sightedness symptoms.After reviewing the available data from the health department and schools, I offer that the absences are most likely related to food poisoning and not a contagious illness such as the influenza or other epidemic. There would be no need to alert students, parents or the community well-nigh an outbreak. Thank you, Joanna Aeschbacker Community Health Department Investigator ? After conducting my investigation, I would have to ask a few other questions to support my system of food poisoning being the most likely arrive at of the absences When were the restaurants inspections conducted?If the inspections were done recently, consequently this helps support my hypothesis. If the inspections were conducted weeks prior to the event or after the event, the data provided from them I hypothesize would not be useful in supporting my hypothesis. Interviews were provided for some of the students, but I would like to int erview as many as possible to ask What symptoms did each absent student experience? I would want to know when the symptoms began to appear. If they all in all have similar symptoms and symptoms appeared around similar times, this supports my hypothesis.Did each absent student go out to dinner after the Battle of the Bands? If each student went out to dinner then this supports my hypothesis. Where did each student go to dinner? If the students did go out to dinner and went to a restaurant with health code violations, then this supports my hypothesis. Assuming each student did go to dinner at a restaurant with health code violations, what did each student eat for dinner at the restaurant? If many, or all of the students ate the same thing, then this would help support my hypothesis. ?Is the following statement a suitable hypothesis The Brentwood Indians basketball team lost the state championship because there is bad stuff in the stars contingency with Mars in Aquarius? Explain why or why not. I dont intrust this statement to be a suitable hypothesis. Astrology to me is more of a personal belief instead than scientific fact. Sure, there are coincidences that happen. Mars in Aquarius could mean disaster But to base a basketball teams performance on where the stars and planets are aligned is preposterous. There is no scientific data to back up this hypothesis therefore it is not a suitable.

Operations Management and Csr Essay

Why ar trading trading trading operations the most defenceless sector of any social club when considering CSR?I. IntroductionAs globalization continues, the earths natural processes metamorphose local worrys into international ejects along with the development of international commercial activities. Few communities are being remaining untouched by major surroundal issues and social problems. As one of the most active and potent elements of the human society, the business world has been required, for several decades, to shoulder more than responsibility by their consumers and society in general. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) draws more and more attention from all sectors of society, and is considered as an issue that we sack upnot afford to ignore.As we fill into account the increasely serious environmental problems and social issues such as inequitable growth, corporate social responsibility goat no longer be economic consumptiond as a slogan or a tool of self-glorification, but rather as a wardrobe task for all companies, who contribute to these problems. In a day and age when technology allows us to be informed in real time, strategies such as green-washing may wholly accelerate the deterioration of a ac bon tons image.Consequently, the CSR should be treated as an issue that can be solved hardly by creating synergies between several forms within a company. From establishing product concepts or give way to manufacturing, from delivering goods to recycling abscond, each single step of the process may impart an enormous bear on on whether a company decides to become socially responsible. For this reason operations trouble is at the core of the CSR discussion, given that it involves the design and hear of the occupation process.Though the principles of operations coun marketing and that of CSR behave factors in common, such as reducing untamed and energy saving, the traditional vision of cutting follow as m ore as possible strife with the spirit of sharing value with all shareh centenarianers, making operations management the most vulnerable function when considering CSR. The objective for operations managers, increasing clears with less resource, can be quite shanghaied by the value of corporate social responsibility.In this essay, we try to respond the question Why are operations the most vulnerable sector of any company when considering CSR? After presenting several main concepts and the dressingground of this problematic, we give give three reasons to answer the question above with analysis and examples. Finally, we volition put forward our proposals and previsions whence come to a conclusion.II. Concepts and background1. Corporate social responsibilityCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept scratchly raised by An force Carnegie (1835-1919) and substantial in the USA. According to him, a businessman should, eldest of all, accumulate his capital, and then distri bute his fortune to society. As he said Man who dies rich dies dishonourIf you want to be happy, set a goal that commands your thoughts, liberates your energy and inspires your hopes. (Banerjee, 2007)After this initial definition, the concept of CSR drew more attention from both(prenominal) academic circles and the business world in the second half of the 20th century. According to Howard R. Bowen, enterprises should make and practice the policies that aim to create values desired by the society (Bowen, 1953). On the contrary, Milton Friedman insisted that the only duty of corporations is to augment the fortune for their shareholders. Is his article on the New York Times in 1970, he said The social responsibility of business is to make profit.Since the first decade of the twenty first century Concern from governments and appeals from non-government organizations put this issue under the spot light. In 2001, the European Commission defines the CSR as the unbidden desegregation of social, environmental firms in their business operations and their relationships with all internal and external stakeholders () in request to fully comply with applicable legal requirements, invest in human capital and respect its environment (ecology and territory) (European Commission, 2001). Moreover, we can observe a combination of concepts from corporate social responsibility and sustainable development.2. trading operations managementOperations management is the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver products and services. A close relation with products and main services makes the operations function central to all kinds of organizations. It is one of the three cores of business, with the marketing (including sales) function, and the product / service development. kind of than an isolated island within a company, the operations function is involved in a high point in time of interaction with others. For example, it has to keep in touch with product development function to assure that the firm has the capabilities to make the design of a smart product. For the same reason, there is a synergy between operations function and marketing that helps match the sales power with ware. (Nigel Slack et al., 2010)The importance of this integrated way of working has been cognize for long time, but it is the development of information system that makes it possible. Thanks to systems like Electronic Data tag on (EDI) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), companies can, on one hand, facilitate the communication with their partners and suppliers, and promote the collaboration among functions. In order to compete in an ever-changing global economy, enterprises make an emphasis on the efficiency and productivity of their manufacturing process, aiming to maximize advantages on expenditure, quality, as well as satisfaction of costumers. The important role of operations management in the company, and the influence it exerts to other echelon s of the value chain, make it crucial for managers to consider when they cipher about environmental and social issues.3. Background evolutions on global marketDuring the last three decades, we can observe that both elements are changing rapidly in the business world, the continuous development of international trade and production, and the all-embracing use of the Internet. We cannot talk about CSR or operations management without considering these issues.International trade and production at one time a business reaches a certain economic level, it usually aspires to reach an international level (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2004). This expression of ambition will lead to a series of actions and changes in the strategy of the operations functions.For instance, problems in edition to the economic environment and culture in the target country, may cause repercussions on materials sourcing or the integration of products. Even a change of format or packaging requires coordination between the marketing department and the operations function. At the same time, trans-national delivery demands a higher degree of reliability and efficiency from the supply chain, demanding momentous improvements of operations management.On the other hand, more and more multinationals locate their facilities in third world countries, rhytidoplasty environmental and social problems in the host country. While they benefit form relatively low cost of raw material, energy and labor, these industrial giants leave behind high levels of pollution ad cause a scarcity in resources (DeTienne & Lewis, 2005). Globalization has not eliminated the inequality between countries, but rather has aggravated the problem.Wider use of InternetFirst, the explosion of e-commerce has profoundly altered the way we do business. E fussyly when we talk about selling online, satisfaction of customers is no longer determined only by products themselves, but likewise deeply influenced by the performance of supply cha in, manifesting mainly by issues of delivery and after sale service (Lannoo & Ankri, 2007). Whether taking upkeep of these tasks internally, or outsourcing to third-party companies, companies and their operations function will be faced with unprecedented challenges and risks. Second, the Internet serves as a tool for all members of the society to be informed, to understand and even monitor a company. In legion(predicate) countries like France, annual reports of listed companies are now required to include a CSR report. Along with economic performances of these firms, their region to communities and the environment is besides be available on their official web sites. In this case, managers have to take more voluntary and effective actions to fulfill their promises to the public.III. Major reasons for vulnerability1. immaterial pressures at that place is no inquiry that whatever of companies give priority to value creation for all shareholders such as the Body Shop. However, in reality, most companies make an effort to achieve their CSR goals largely because of increasing pressures from all sectors of society. Some of these requirements are counseling on the production process and delivery of goods, and thus put tremendous stress on the operations function.First of all, we could compare Traditional and groundbreaking views of Corporate Social Responsibility applied to operative Management. indoors the company, operational management works as an integration of several functions such as Engineering or Manufacturing (Inventory, Planning, Material Flow, Quality etc.), Distribution (Suppliers, Transport), accounting etc. with interrelated operations such as Finance, homosexual Resources, selling and etc. This can be applied to any type of organization, regardless of its sector (Manufacturing, HealthCare, Wholesaling, Retail, Banking etc.)Modern CSR approach creates vulnerabilities to Operational Management because even seemingly insignificant change or di sturbance in one participant (function) can influence whole loop of Supply Chain, which can therefore negatively influence companys behavior in regards to Social Corporate Responsibility and even affect the goals for efficient Operations Management. There are eight possible competitive priorities (goals), which fall into four groupsIn the event of such disturbance, most of companies tend to forget their tactics and strategies regarding CSR/ long-term or sustainability goals and use to short solutions, no matter what the price to the environment, society, employees, consumers or stakeholders. We have concluded that most important vulnerabilities within the giving medication are* New concepts and re-design (products and services)It is quite clear that creation of juvenile concepts and re-design of products/services is crucial for every company. The first step or designing, creating new or modifying product is generating ideas which furthermore assume to be properly tested, feasibl eness study conducted, no matter how great the ideas seems to be. The process is lengthy and complicated Therefore, the re-design itself can become CSR problem due to * ache Management, additional energy consumption, recyclability * Social involve of the product and Customer Safety* Layoffs (employees and suppliers) in case of restructuring or failure.For example, Michelin has failed to launch its run-flat PAX tire, which could be driven while being damaged, at way festinates, for a hundred miles or more. Unfortunately, in order to use these tires, the under-body of the cars would need to be redesigned, new equipment and new skills would need to be acquired by the mechanics. As Michelin failed to analyze complete consumption chain of this new concept, the production line had to be discontinued. This was not only a commercial fail, but looking from the CSR point of view, it as well as had negative social impact such as layoffs, the time and resources used up for R&D, Marketing a nd other operations which could have been used for more efficient and value-added products. (Harvard Business Review 2007)* Transportation/ LogisticsThe localisation of function of the headquarters/warehouse and any other business unit has an important impact on Operations management and is one of the most vulnerable points when considering CSR. Transportation can have significant environmental impact business flights, employee commuting and the movement of goods may cause emissions and leaks, including air pollutants, greenhouse gases and water pollution. As back breaker is unavoidable for a manufacturing firm, operations management helps to void the impact, however due to complexity of the interrelated operations it can become vulnerable.For example, Company A is a supplier of Raw Materials Company B is a customer, which needs Raw Materials to manufacture goods. In the event of a raw material production stop in Company A, scheduled standard delivery might need to be re-schedul ed to a special express dedicated delivery to the Company B because, lets say, due to this delay and wild planning Company B will have a production stop. Such delivery would be considered inefficient, as it is costly, fuel inefficient, increases pollution, pressurizes truck driver, moving from standard procedures to special procedures, additional pressure and stress for employees from both companies etc. One may argue, that the production stop would cause more negative impact than the rush along delivery, however it is difficult to weight the impact, there is the need to address root causes. If the planning and security production line from both sides was well managed, the express delivery would not have been necessary.To conclude, no matter how efficient Logistics processes are created within the company, human misconduct is unavoidable therefore Operations Management becomes vulnerable when considering CSR.* Waste and recycleOne of the most tragic examples of an operational f ailure is Chernobyl disaster in 1986, polluting and creating toxicity and waste problems. non only companies need to manage the basic production safety and reduce accident rate, but they also need to recycle as much possible, manage day-to-day waste safely and create tiptoe product life cycle. However, these processes are subject to vulnerability when considering SCR as there could be a graving tool damage make by conducting these operations.RecyclingCompanies such as HP who organize the recycling of the old cartridges or companies such as Nespresso who collect used coffee capsules, shows a great example of how to reduce the environmental impact of its products. However as great as it might appear, many other aspects need to be taken into consideration, for example supply chain system needs to be created to collect and channel these used items, special environmentally friendly bags or boxes for the pick-up points needs to be produced. retentivity Michelin case, where it failed t o analyses its complete consumption chain, HP and Nespresso had to find a way to encourage consumer to bring back their empty cartridges and capsules. In their cases, it is successful, however it is vulnerable and could become a failure if the participation level of consumer is low.WasteMost significant waste issue is well noticeable in chemical industry or any other industry where waste is hazardous or is non-recyclable or non-reusable. The solution would be to improve the operation processes and to avoid unnecessary waste, however this is proven to be impossible due to human error and especially in chemical industry where chemical reactions can create unusable waste. The hazardous waste management is hold backled by the legislation and will be discussed later on in the essay.Not only materials are considered to be waste, but also energy and labor waste companies try to be more efficient by implementing just-in-time and lean process, however there is a clear vulnerability when co nsidering CSR at what price do companys adopt their just in time principles? Overcrowded and polluted roads would be most direct negative impacts, but there are also other social impacts, which will be discussed in more detail in organization evolution section.* Organizational evolution operation Measure There is no doubt that Performance Measure is highly important in Operational Management as well as for any other part of the business, however measuring and setting standards have negative social consequences, especially for the employees. Reduction of costs and prices, increasing customer experience, quality conformance, the speed of delivery, reliability of delivery could cause serious stress and working hours fluctuations for the employees.An example of the employee debate to meet the set performance level is making data look better than it is by divergence out certain information, some companys set high un-reasonable standards or in some quarters the performance cannot be me t due to external factors causing stress.Continuous usefulnessKaizen is a Nipponese system promoting Continuous Improvement or in other worlds never ending journey of improvements. There are many approaches such as the Deming Cycle (Plan, Do, Act, Check), tools and techniques to conduct the Continuous Improvement process. The benefits for efficiency and profit are unquestionable, however when considering CSR we can find many vulnerabilities.A good example of Continuous Improvement is Business Process re-engineering (BPR) which is a way of reconfiguration of processes in an appropriate level to provide highest value to the customers and alter critical areas. However again, at what cost when considering CSR? As BPR requires organizational change which requires changes in staff attitudes and could perchance result in loss of positions for many, reduction of responsibilities for others, the fear for Hire and Fire. Also, as tasks become more efficient, they also become more repetitiv e and less challenging. (T.Hill 2005)To summarize Main social considerations of operations management decisions 2. Outside PartnersAs the world continues to expand we are starting to understand the consequences that our development has not only on the environment but also on society. Due to this new consciousness we have seen the emergence of diametrical attempts to confront these environmental and social issues. Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR is one of the most commonly used concepts within the business world. Historically CSR has been only partially integrated as a good-hearted effort. Little by little the environmental issues caused by everyday operations of a company have also integrated the concept of CSR. With this change in definition, companies have actively trying to reduce their impact on the environment and society. As an essential function of a company, Operations Managements is constantly affected by these decisions. If, for example, a company decides to redu ce their packaging it will be the operations department that will have to manage this change.SuppliersWhen we consider the impacts on Operations Management when integrating CSR to a company, we must go far and analyze the impact on all outside partners such as suppliers. When we decide to integrate a CSR action, especially within the manufacturing process we need our suppliers to integrate the same change on their process. As customers range to become more conscientious about environmental and societal issues they are demanding companies to make many changes. deep down the clothing industry this green movement was reflected by customers asking for organically grown cotton to be used in the manufacturing of products such as Nike. In this kind of situation we see how the responsibility straight falls on the supplier to change their process. This sort of sudden changes leaves the operations function of a company quite vulnerable, as they have to trust that their suppliers will be a ble to change their process without increasing costs.When there is a synergy between a manufacture and its suppliers such changes can be made with collaborations. A great example of this is how the company Esquel managed to give their customer the organic cotton they needed by managing their whole supplier chain. Instead of just demanding their own suppliers to supply the needed product they worked with 1st and second tier suppliers and built a sustainable procurement chain (H. Lee 2010).In the last few years we have seen how many manufacturing companies who have simply demanded certain changes to their suppliers, but do not think about make an effort to assist in this change, and most importantly they do not control the whole procurement chain. This was the case of Mattel who made it clear to its 1st tier suppliers that no lead key could be used when manufacturing its products, yet it never thought of auditing its 2nd tier suppliers or furthermore the outsourced production its mai n supplier had. This type of opaque supply chain makes operations very vulnerable and can cause, like in Mattels case severe financial repercussions (N. Sun 2007).The new shared-value concept developed by Porter and Kramer has introduced the idea that by collaborating with all the actors in a value chain we can create value while still respecting CSR. A company that has been able to smoothly transition into this new shared-value concept is Toyota. The deep relation that exists between Toyota and its manufacturers has allowed them to naturally apply changes that create a win-win situation for them and its suppliers. The Toyota company culture naturally includes the idea of shared-value and has a long-term mentality (Spear Bowen 1999).