Studying The STOF Business Model Domains Information Technology Essay

Studying The STOF Business framework theaters Information Technology EssaySTOF regulate This framework for concern representative foc habituates on client look upon creation, the arrangements undeniable from the organisational, financial and techno logical allude of view, for creating a brisk wait on. These intravenous feeding dimensions reference book how esteem is delivered to the customer and as well as how the attend to of process provider can gain value from the returns offered.The four dimension of the framework atomic add up 18 do land, technology domain, organisational domain and pay domain. In the following sections, these dimensions give be explored in detail.STOF Business Model DomainsSince it is essential that the service offered by the sign of the zodiac should meet the demands of the customer, the rising service definition is used as the central reference for all early(a) domains. In customers viewpoint the technology is an enabler of the se rvice, from the firms perspective it is the driver. Organisational domain describes how the resources in the firm ordain made available and used. Financial domain, stress on the price model, enthronement and other cost based risks involved in providing the service.divine service Domain little victor F bringor and Critical instauration Issues for customer ValueChapter 3A successful business model should relaxation the value forced for the customer to that for the service provider. To achieve this there should a rest period among the antithetical domains of the business model. A critical flesh make do is variable which is of importance for the feasibility and sustainability of the business model. Understanding of critical institution issues (CDI) and its linkages is critical for designing reposed business model. service domain requirements contract the choice of technology to be used for the service delivery. Furthermore, it affects the organisational and financial d omain.Critical Design Issues in Designing Business ModelFor each business model domain, we identify the individual CDIs. The identification of different CDIs is based on the literature review. In typesetters case of service domain the CDIs are come in customers, value creating elements and customer retention.Target customers Service requirements and the customer need are different for each target group. The target group definition, whether it is B2C or B2B is necessary. And it is hence fundamental to have a clear segmentation of the customers to address respective value proposition.Value creating elements To provide a compelling value proposition to the targeted customers, factors wish well relevance, ease of accessibility, accuracy, note and devote are critical. It is therefore, the core service offering as well as support service organism offered to the customer.Branding (removed in the diagram) To get a better recognition for the clean service , scar image is essentia l. It can withal increase the trust and awareness of the service being offered.Customer Retention It defines the ways to go the customer loyal and satisfied. It is also need to develop recurrent use of the service by the customer.Critical design issues for Technology domainFactors like security department, integration of the existing dodge and accessibility are linchpin design criteria for the technology domain.Security The way information is stored in the technical architecture and how the access is granted to the customer is essential to avoid security breaches. The take off between ease of accessibility and data privacy should be addressed to issue the risk of improper use of the services.Quality of Service The ability to provide different priority to maintain a original level of performance based on the users, context and importance. The incurred cost in the expert infrastructure should be balanced with that of the quality of service. It can also be argued that the te chnological architecture or infrastructure influences the technical functionality, which in turn affects the customers perceived value of the service.System Integration The extent to which the new service offering can be integrated with that of the existing ones determines the variation of the service. Cost and flexibility of the new technology affects the system integration. In the case of ICT , firms with open standards bring down the level of integration required in the technical side. accessibility at that place two factors which affect the accessibility of a service by the customer, first preference of service platforms and second the architecture. If there is a closed or controlled environment, it can make way to a restricted access to a particular group of customers. This also increases the security at technology level.Critical Design Issue at Organisational DomainPartner Selection This design bill is based on the strategical interest that the firm has, based on it suitab le partners can be chosen. It is also vital, to get hold of the required resources and capabilities by the firm.Openness of electronic net It is the extent to which new business can link to the value interlock. There can be two scenarios, first a closed network and second an open network. The closed network is mostly used to seduce higher quality of service and new partners are chosen by certain set of rules. Open network, gives an opportunity to deliver services to a wider audience than the closed network. interlock Governance Establishment of set rules by which the partner businesses should operate and can be monitored. This is usually done by the most dominant actor in the value network. Access to the end-users is the key determinant of an actors dominant role in the collaboration.Network Complexity The number of relationships that has to be maintained with other businesses in providing the services act as the determinant of the network complexity. If the complexity is reduc ed , or in other words, less number relations increases the security and quality of service.Critical Design Issue in the Finance DomainPricing Pricing of the service run aways an critical role in the service adaptation and its use. The perceived value by the customer should be greater than or at least equal to the delivered value by the service provider. The pricing strategy should address whether the firm is aiming for maximising the market share or maximising the favorableness from delivering the service.Risk and Investment The uncertainty about return on investment funds is the fundamental risk involved in developing and delivering a new service to the market. A variableness of investment and risk among the actors can reduce the degree of impact to the actors involved.Cost and Revenue The division of cost and receipts between the businesses is not the same in all cases, it differ from case to case. For instance, the service provider can share the revenue with the other actors in the service delivery or it can be based on the subscription fee. The revenue sharing is based on the underlying business logic either value based or on cost basis. The division of cost and revenue depends on the division of risk and investment also.The CDIs play a significant role in the process of creating value to the customer as well as to the service provider therefore it act as the starting point. The next step is the identification of Critical supremacy Factors (CSFs). A minimum group of areas in which satisfactory outcome is required to make certain that the business model generates value for both the service provider and to the customer is called the Critical success Factor(Rockart and Bullen ,1981). Then the linkage between CDI and CSF , will aid for generating a feasible business model.Critical Success Factor and Critical Design Issues for Network ValueCritical Success Factors (CSF) For creating value to the customer Compelling value proposition It is associate to v alue creating element CDIs in the service domain and it is a critical criterion for creating value to the customer. Value proposition is the overall benefits that are delivered to the customer by the service provider. Bouwan et al (2008) argues that the value proposition should be based on the customer needs and requirements and not to be based on the technological possibilities. Customers perspective of value also depends on the pricing (CDI) of the service. Similarly, Kotler (2000) points out that brand (CDI) influences the customer perspective of value proposition.Defined target customer The CDI targeting is related to this CSF. Defined target customer will assistant the firm to centre on the targeted customers, as the customer needs are different for different customer group. The assumed customer needs by the service provider can be nullified by segmenting the customer base (Kotler, 2000). Accessibility CDI of technology domain also affects this CSF.Customer Retention Customis ed or personalized service delivery to the customers will help retain the customer, mainly influenced by customer loyalty and customer experience. The unconstructive occurrence in service can affect the experience and frustrate the customer(Strauss, Schmidt, Schoeler, 2005).Quality of Service Grnroos, 1994 suggests that the quality of service output and service process are equally important. CDIs from technology domain are closely related to QoS.CDIs in the technology domain demands an adequate level of quality, since the service being delivered is technology based. Security and system integrationTo summarize a high score in these CSFs will grantee that the service being provided will meet the customer expectations and create value to the customer.CSF for creating value to the networkThe actors in the value network will cooperate for generating value on mutual interest and also vie for value on individual interest (Brandenburg Nalebuff, 1996). Another framework, Porters five forc es model stress on competition between the actors (Porter, 1980). For creating value in the network, balance between financial and organisational domain is critical, mover over it should be acceptable by the collaborating actors.Profitability There should be a acceptable dinero for the firms, according to the division of cost and revenue (CDI). Other domain issues like customer group and pricing will affect the profitability.Risk An winning division of risk among the participating actors should result from the division of investment CDI. Since, there is a high uncertainty of service acceptance and due to the investment in IT infrastructure.Network Strategy This CSF is required to effectively manage the different relation in the value network, from the organisation domain perspective. Division of roles and Network Governance CDIs is directly related to the network strategy. Partner selection and network complexity is also interlinked with this CSF.To summarise a high score on thes e CSFs will create benefit for the firms that are involved in the service. Organisational CDIs help in allocation resources and capabilities, similarly the CDIs in finance domain is instrumental in directing to a profitable service.

Analysis of Cusp Catastrophe Model

psychoanalysis of Cusp Catastrophe ModelSocial Psychology of Sport slender discussion on cusp misfortune model and using its principles of foreboding on an athletes feat.IntroductionThe ability to cope with pull and fear under strenuous conditions such as a huge sporting event is an essential skill to look at, especially for an elite aim athlete. Anxiety cease be associated with an unpleasant state of mind, which can postulate dis homogeneous set up on act. There puzzle been many report situations among athletes relating the feeling of world anxious or stressed in dissimilar sporting events. Dias et, al (2009) rich person participated in a explore describe 550 results among different level athletes linking to stress and fear to an important event. Some research have been shown that there were reduce in performance in correlation to solicitude such as memory, complex motor tasks such as shooting into the hoop in basketball () or indoor shake off climbing (). H owever, there have alike been positive trouble correlations on performance regarding rebound shot in basketball and () have shown to have improvement in motor tasks skills such as anagram-solving.However, the relationships between misgiving and performance have been difficult to explain. Things such as methodological flaws, inadequacy of operational definitions and unclear theoretical construction all conjunct inside different theories (). hardys (1990) cups mischance model (CCM) has been attempting to explain the contradicting encumbrances of fretfulness on performance, using third-dimensional construct model.Cusp catastrophe modelThe catastrophe theory was originally proposed by a mathematician Rene Thom (1975). Rene unquestion suitable the model geometrically explaining all naturally discontinuities in the world. barefaced (1990) has thusly developed a model of perplexity and performance (), attempting to explain the contradicting findings that have been previously reported regarding anxiety on performance.The model is based on the view on anxiety performance as a multidimensional construct it combines the cognitive components interactive effects of anxiety-performance relationship, the facilitative effects of cognitive anxiety and hysteresis(), and physiological foreplays the organisms natural physiological solution to anxiety-including satiations(). Cups catastrophe model shows an interactive, three-dimensional model predicting the effects for cognitive anxiety in a form of worry and physiological stimulus on performance.Cups catastrophe model proposes that there be a series of foursome relationships which exists between cognitive anxiety, physiological stimulus and performance. Cognitive arousal (CA) components argon explained as expectations and cognitive concerns ab show up one self, their situation and potential consequences (). physiological arousal (PA) component is regarded as physiological response to anxiety, such as pain, fe eling sick or feeling uncomfortable ().The first soothsayer suggests that cognitive anxiety has a positive connection with performance, when physiological arousal is at the lower end of the spectrum. The sulphur predictor shows to have a negative relationship with performance, when physiological arousal is tall. Third, is when the CA is low, the PA is shown to have an inverted U-shaped relationship on performance. The final predictor suggests that, when CA is high and physiological arousal is increasing a break in the cockle of performance surface occurs. The split factor suggests that there will be a ruinous get down in performance from the upper performance surface to lower performance surface. More over, when the catastrophic drop has occurred, with the large reduction in physiological arousal it is possible to bring performance abide to the upper performance surface ().The change that occur when cognitive anxiety is high and physiological arousal increases is called hys teresis, which occurs under the condition of high cognitive anxiety but not low cognitive anxiety.Hysteresis can be explained as the condition within the model where performance can catastrophically decrease from the upper performance surface to the lower performance surface. However, with the decrease in PA levels below the level at which the catastrophic drop occurred performance of the athlete whitethorn increase.Analysing one of the quotes made by Jessica Ennis, (2011) who is a professional 100 meter hurdler, have said Im really, really noisome before every event, she admits. There be different levels of nerves. Before the hurdle race Im particularly nervous as its the first event and, once thats out of the way, I relax a little bit. Using cups catastrophe model it can be seen that Jessica experience signs of anxiety, having different levels of nervousness throughout the event. It can be expected that her cognitive and physiological arousals are beauteous high, as the pressu re from an Olympic event such as crowd, contestation, victorious the gold medal or podium position could have an effect on her performance. So before the event Jessicas anxiety levels are high, with cognitive anxiety being high and physiological arousal change magnitude the hysteresis effect may occur with Jessica feeling the pressure. However, her personal coping strategies could function reverse that effect, bringing her back to the upper performance surface when the competition begins. Balancing the high cognitive state and physiological arousal may dish up increase performance during the event. Straight after the event it can be seen that she may relax, so her cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal decrease straight after the event leaving her of being much stress-free. Moreover, if she had to perform the hurdles after a certain amount of time, cognitive anxiety could be in at the middle and physiological arousal being low, to maintain the concentration for her to pr ogress on to the next tier. circumstantial discussionThe cups catastrophe model can handle complex additive and nonlinear relationship simultaneously in a three-dimensional manner, with the purpose of high-order probability density within the model, the functions have the advantage of being able to integrate sudden changes within behavioural jumps in the hysteresis(). Researches by Hardy et al, 2010 have applied the theory behind the cusp model over two experiments, sustentationing the process and the theory behind performance catastrophes and anxiety by using it with high levels of trait anxiety with competitive milieu. The second study was social pressure and ego within the competitive environment which suggest that the cups catastrophe model is plausible. Hardy at al, 2007 have also found that hysteresis did occur in high CA condition, with the significant drops in performance with the increase in PA and CA. An another(prenominal)wise study by Marshall et al. 2005 looked int o how interaction effects of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal on have an effect on golf performance. The research did confirm that using the model, it had a positive relationship in regards of different situations and how anxiety is coped. However, the research also indicated that even though the methodology is plausible other factors needed to be assessed, as the theory is multidimensional it is very complex.Edwards et al, 2002 on the other hand, implemented that the theory of cusp catastrophe model may be plausible however other factors such as government agency could appear to play a significant part in the catastrophic performance. Also () has implemented that other models such as endogenous learning-by-doing (ELBD), supports similar fundamentals of anxiety literature.All of the studies and theories suggest that anxiety does have different effects on physiological arousal and on anticipation clock performance during competition and practice. Also most of the models d o tend to support the hysteresis theory and the catastrophe phenomenon.Most of the literature supports the different implementation of anxiety which occurs within the human mind, however it is very complex and needs to be further investigated to find a greater explanation on how anxiety affects sporting performance.ConclusionDetermining the effects on anxiety on performance is still ripe at this stage there are plenty of implementations which could be added to all of the models and theories. However, with the use of combined theories it may help further explanation and elimination of how there are relationships within sagacity of anxiety, and how potentially it could increase and decrease performance of the athletes. With the cups catastrophe model being one of the most used in the research, it cannot be overlooked that other factors may affect the relationship between anxiety and performance. With the implementation of cups catastrophe model researchers could use other models or t heories to round up the conclusion.ReadsAnxiety-induced performance catastrophes Investigating effort required as an asymmetry factorLew Hardy*,Stuart Beattie andTim Woodman

The Iron and steel industry

The weigh and mark industryCHAPER-IIOVERVIEW OF IRON AND sword INDUSTRYIntroduction trade name is crucial to the development of any modern economy and is considered to be the backbone of human civilisation. The aim of per capita habit of marque is treated as an meaningant index of the level of socioeconomic development and living standards of the pack in any country. It is a product of a large and technologically complex industry having strong forward and backward linkages in toll of material flows and income generation. All study industrial economies atomic number 18 characterised by the earth of a strong nerve industry and the return of many of these economies has been for the almost part shaped by the strength of their stain industries in their initial stages of development. stain industry was in the vanguard in the liberalisation of the industrial sphere and has make rapid strides since then. The juvenile greenfield plants re model the latest in technology. take has increase, the industry has moved up in the value chain and merchandises choose risen consequent to a greater integration with the global economy. The untried plants relieve oneself likewise brought about a greater regional strewing easing the domesticated supply position nonably in the horse opera region. At the same time, the domestic brand name industry faces in the raw challenges. slightly of these relate to the trade barriers in essential markets and received structural problems of the domestic industry notably due to the advanced cost of commissioning of new projects. The domestic expect too has not improved to significant levels. The litmus test of the firebrand industry will be to surmount these difficulties and await globally competitive.Historical PerspectiveThe finished mark occupation in India has grown from a mere 1.1 billion tonnes in 1951 to 31.63 one thousand thousand tonnes in 2001-2002. During the first two decades of planned economic d evelopment, i.e. 1950-60 and 1960-70, the average annual evolution drift of firebrand turnout exceeded 8%. However, this growth rate could not be maintain in the following(a) decades. During 1970- 80, the growth rate in make production came dispirited to 5.7% per annum and picked up marginally to 6.4% per annum during 1980-90, which further increased to 6.65% per annum during 1990-2000. Though India started nerve production in 1911, stain exports from India began altogether in 1964. Exports in the first five years were mainly due to inlet in the domestic weigh and trade name market.Once domestic demand revived, exports declined. India once again started exporting marque only in 1975 feeling a figure of 1 million tonnes of horseshit iron and 1.4 million tonnes of stain in 1976-77. there aft(prenominal), exports again declined to pick up only in 1991-92, when the main producers exported 3.87 lakh tonnes, which rose to 2.79 million tonnes in 1995-96 and 3.3 million tonnes in 2001-02.The growth in the vane celestial sphere in the early decades after Independence was mainly in the public heavens units set up during this period. The situation has changed dramatically in the decade 1990-2000 with most of the growth originating in the private vault of heaven. The sh be of public sector and private sector in the production of poise during 1990-91 was 46% and 54% respectively, term during 2001-02 the same was 32% and 68% respectively. This change was brought about by deregulation and decontrol of the Indian iron stain sector in 1991.A number of constitution measures dedicate been taken since 1991 for the growth and development of the Indian iron steel sector. Some of the moant steps ar (a) removal of iron steel industry from the list of industries reserved for the public sector and excessively exempting it from the alimentation of compulsory licensing under the Industries (Development Regulation) Act, 1951, (b) deregulation of deter mine and distri aloneion of iron steel, (c) inclusion of iron and steel industry in the list of high priority industries for self-loading approval for outside equity investments upto 51%. This limit has been since increased upto c%, (d) lowering of event calling on capital goods and raw materials and so onGrowth of the Indian trade name Sector after Liberlisation perfect cytosine SteelThe Indian steel sector was the first core sector to be completely removed from the licensing regime as wholesome as pricing and distribution controls. This was done primarily beca hold of the inherent strengths and capabilities demonstrated by the Indian iron and steel industry. The growth rate in 1995-96 was a phenomenal 20%. During 1996-97, finished steel production shot up to a record 22.72 million tonnes with a growth rate of 6.2%, while in 1997-98, the finished steel production increased to 23.37 million tonnes, which was 2.8% more than than the production of the preceding year. The gr owth rate decreased drastically in 1997-98 and 1998-99 universe 2.8% and 1.9% respectively. The growth rate in 2001-2002 was 4.29% with the total production abject 31.63 million tonnes.The production of finished steel during April -December, 2002 has been 23.83 million tonnes, which is 6.3% higher than the production during the corresponding period of 2001-02. Details of total production of finished light speed steel and the share of main and secondary producers in it from 1991-92 onwards are set out in the following tableProduction of Finished Carbon Steel (In million tonnes)Year MainProducers subalternProducersTotal1991-92 7.96 (55%) 6.37 (45%) 14.331992-93 8.41 (55%) 6.79 (45%) 15.201993-94 8.77 (57.6%) 6.43 (42.4%) 15.201994-95 9.57 (53.8%) 8.25 (46.2%) 17.821995-96 10.59 (49.5%) 10.81 (50.5%) 21.401996-97 10.54 (46.4%) 12.18(53.6%) 22.721997-98 10.44 (44.6%) 12.93(55.4%) 23.371998-99 9.91 (41.6%) 13.91(58.4%) 23.821999-2000 11.20 (41.9%) 15.51(58.1%) 26.712000-2001 12.49 (43 %) 16.78(57%) 29.272001-2002 13.05 (42.6%) 17.58(57.4%) 31.632002-2003(Till December,2002)10.38 (44%) 13.45(56%) 23.83(Figures in bracket picture the percentage share)Pig pressA yenwith the production of steel, the production of hair iron in the countryhas also increased. The details since 1991-92 are as under -(In million tonnes)Year MainProducersSecondary Producers Total1991-92 1.485 0.102 1.5871992-93 1.679 0.165 1.8441993-94 1.977 0.273 2.2501994-95 2.005 0.780 2.7851995-96 1.735 1.060 2.7951996-97 1.733 1.557 3.2901997-98 1.760 1.687 3.4471998-99 1.354 1.644 2.9981999-2000 1.245 1.900 3.1452000-2001 0.970 2.430 3.4002001-2002 1.016 3.055 4.0712002-2003( Till Dec. 2002)0.810 3.075 3.885 parasite IronDuring the early 90s, the sponge iron industry had been specially promoted so as to provide an alternative to steel liquescent scrap, which was increasingly meet scarce. The production of sponge iron (Direct Reduced Iron DRI) during the period 1991-92 to 2002-03 was as under- ( In million tonnes)Year Production % increase1991-92 1.31 1992-93 1.44 9.91993-94 2.40 66.71994-95 3.39 41.31995-96 4.40 29.81996-97 5.01 13.81997-98 5.35 6.781998-99 5.11 -4.48.1999-2000 5.18 1.372000-2001 5.44 5.012001-2002 5.66 3.992002-2003(Till December 2002) 4.50 -As per the International Iron and Steel Institute, India has emerged as the largest producer of sponge iron in the world in 2001. Production of sponge iron in the country as an alternative feed material to steel melting scrap, which was cosmos imported hitherto in large quantities by the electric automobile Arc Furnace Units and the Induction Furnace Units, has resulted in considerable savings in foreign exchange.Apparent Consumption of SteelApparent employment of steel is arrived at by subtracting export of steel from the total of domestic production and adding the import of steel in the country. Change in stock is also familiarised in arriving at the wasting disease figures. It is also treated as the authentic d omestic demand of steel in the country. Details of year-wise apparent consumption of finished steel since 1990-91 are given in the table beneath -(In million tonnes)Year ApparentConsumption1990-91 14.371991-92 14.83 (3.2%)1992-93 15.00 (1.2%)1993-94 15.32 (2.0%)1994-95 18.66 (21.8%)1995-96 21.65 (16.0%)1996-97 22.13 (2.2%)1997-98 22.63 (2.6%)1998-99 23.54(4.02%)1999-2000 25.01(6.24%)2000-2001 26.53(6.08%)2001-2002 27.44(3.39%)2002-2003(Till December,2002)20.65(5.0%)(The figures in brackets indicate the% percentage increase over the preceding year.The apparent consumption of steel did not show any solid increase in 2001-2002 mainly due to subnormality being face by many of the steel using industries like automobile and applied science industries and construction. With the revival of demand for automobile and engineering goods and general improvement in the economy, it is expected that consumption of steel will increase further.Indias per capita crude steel consumption, as per the latest available figures is 27 Kg, which is far below the level of other developed and developing countries 472.4 kg., 428.6 kg. and 128 kg. in USA, EU and China respectively.With the on-going economic liberalisation resulting in faster economic growth, steel consumption is expected to increase rapidly. Long Term Demand-Availability Projections of Finished SteelIn order to have a long term perspective to facilitate planning, a Sub- collection on Steel and Ferro Alloys was constituted for the steel sector under the aegis of the plan agency. The Sub-Group deliberated upon all aspects including supply-demand projections for finished steel during the period 2001-02 to 2011-12. Considering a GDP growth rate of 6.5% as realistic during the 10thPlan, the Sub-Group has projected the demand of finished carbon steel in the country to rise as follows-(In million tonnes)Year fancy of demand for Finished Carbon Steel2001-02 28.242002-03 30.012003-04 31.912004-05 33.922005-06 36.052006- 07 38.222007-08 40.742008-09 43.302009-10 46.032010-11 48.932011-12 52.01Import and Export of Iron and Steel(a) Import of SteelImport in steel sector has been mainly in plates, hot rolled coils, cold rolled coils and semis. Import of steel (carbon, debauch and stainless ) during 2002-03 (upto December, 2002) was about 0.72 million tonnes. Import of steel (carbon, alloy and stainless) during 2001-02 was about 1.50 million tonnes, which was 17.43% less than imports in 2000-2001.The total import of steel, pig iron and scrap during the last five years and value hence was as under -Import of Steel, Pig Iron Steel minute(Quantity in million tonnes)( foster in Rupees crores )Category 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03(Provisional)(Upto Jan., 2003)Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. ValueSaleableSteel1.652 2459.00 2.200 2930.00 1.885 2712.00 1.501 2260.00 1.470 2286.00Pig Iron 0.002 2.00 0.003 2.00 0.002 2.00 .002 2.36 0 .001 1.48SteelScrap0.880 478.00 1.076 584.00 1.5 12 945.00 1.980 1206.00 1. 225 820.00Total 2.534 2939.00 3.279 3516.00 3.399 3659.00 3.483 3468.36 2.696 3107.48(b) Export of SteelThe general policy and procedures for export and import of iron and steel, ferro alloys and ferro scrap are at present resolute by the Ministry of Commerce in consultation with the Ministry of Steel. In a important move to push exports aggressively, Government of India has announced several(prenominal) measures in the new cardinal-year Exim policy (2002-07), which is in effect from initiative April 2002. These include the removal of valued restrictions on exports save in respect of a hardly a(prenominal) minute items permission for setting up overseas banking units in Special economical Zones (SEZ) retention of obligation-neutralisation instruments including Duty Entitlement Pass Book (DEPB) and other export forward motion schemes. The most important move in the new Exim Policy is the decrease of transaction time for exporters by introductio n of a new eight-digit trade good sorting in line with imports. Under rising Licensing, the new policy abolishes Duty Exemption Entitlement Certificate (DEEC) Book, a practice followed since 1975. The policy also withdraws Advance Licence for annual requirements. Exporters can now avail Advance Licence for any value.The Union Ministry of Commerce Industry has modernly at peace(p) in for a hike/ revision in the DEPB rates for steel exporters, covering exports of galvanised products, hot rolled coils and cold rolled coils.For HR coils, the rate has been revised to 15%, while for galvanised plain/galvanised coated and cold rolled, the present rates are at 17% and 18% respectively. DEPB Scheme hasbeen made further loving by including SAD in DEPB with effect from 1st April, 2002.Indias major market for steel and steel items include USA, Canada, Indonesia, Italy, West Asia, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, Sri Lanka and Belgium. The major steel items of export include HR coils, pla tes, CR and galvanized products, pipes, stainless steel, electrify rods and wires. With the fall in prices along with depressed domestic demand, India has been increasing exports to track the excess supply situation. This has resulted in antidumping actions being taken by developed countries like USA, EU and Canada.The trade action by some countries against Indian steel industry has, to some extent, affected Indias exports to these countries. The Government of India and the Indian steel producers are trying to combat such actions despite such efforts being very expensive and involving time-consuming procedures.Details of the quantity and value of steel, pig iron and sponge iron exported from the year 1998-99 are given in the table belowItem 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03**(Apr.-Dec.02)Saleable Steel 2.400 3.340 2.570 3.300 2.750Pig Iron* 0.276 0.290 0.232 0.312 0.351Sponge Iron* 0.169 postcode Nil Nil NilTotal 2.845 3.630 2.802 3.612 3.101*Source DGCIS ** ProvisionalCu rrent Global ScenarioIn the year 2000, the World Crude Steel production was 848 million tonnes, masking an impressive growth of 7.6% over the previous year. The world steel consumption also rose by almost 8%. The international steel trade constituted virtually 303 million tons or 40.5% of the production. In 2001 and 2002, world crude steel production was 833.70 million tonnes and 886.70 million tonnes, respectively.The following significant developments have been witnessed recently in the global steel scenario There has been a spate of mergers and acquisitions all over the world in the steel industry. This is a relatively new development in the steel industry and is not confined only to companies within the same country but often involved cross border acquisitions and mergers. China has emerged as the most vibrant market for steel production and consumption. The crisis of excess capacity and prevalence of market distorting practices in the global steel market has induced protecti onist measures from a number of steel trading countries. To address these issues a series of high level inter-governmental meetings have been held under the auspices of the OECD. In March 2002, the US President announced imposition of temporary safeguard measures on import of key steel products into USA. In retaliation in respect to the US action, EU has also imposed provisional safeguard measures against import of certain steel products. China, Canada and Thailand etc. have initiated safeguard investigations against import of steel products into their countries. domesticated Steel Sector ScenarioThe iron and steel sector has been experiencing a slowdown in the last few years. The steel market remained sluggish and price levels of steel and steel products remained stagnant. This stagnancy resulted in steel companies registering net income losses. However, steel prices started to pick up from April 2002 and this upturn is expected to help steel companies to reduce their net losses.T he growth of steel sector is dependent upon the growth of the economy in general and the growth of industrial production and infrastructure sectors in particular. The major reasons for the slow growth in the steel sector during the last few years include (a) Cost escalation in the infix materials for iron and steel Power tariff, freight rates, coal prices etc. have been under the administered price regime. These rates have been frequently enhanced, thereby contributing to the rise in input costs for steel devising.(b) Continuous reduction in import duty on iron and steel After liberalisation, import duty rates on iron and steel items have been gradually trim down over the years. This has opened up the domestic iron and steel sector to international competition. The extent of changes brought about in the customs duty of some of the items of steel since 1993-94 are given below(Import Duties % Ad valorem )Item 1993-941994-951995-961996-971997-98 1998-991999-20002000-01 2001-02HR COI LS 50% 40% 30% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25%CR COILS 75% 50% 40% 25% 30% 30% 35% 35% 35%Plates 75% 50% 40% 30% 30% 30% 35% 35% 35%Bars/ Rods/Structurals85% 50% 40% 30% 30% 30% 35% 35% 35%Measures taken by Ministry of Steel to boost DemandThe Ministry of Steel has been making all out efforts to help the domestic steel sector to overwhelm the problems faced by the steel industry and boost demand for steel in the steel consuming sectors. These include-(a) Establishing Training cum table service institutesThe Ministry has endeavored to promote research and developmental efforts by industry as well as provide technical support and trained manpower to the steel producing and consuming sectors. The following institutes have been set up-(i) The Institute for Steel Development and Growth (INSDAG), Kolkata (West Bengal)- This is meant to promote usage of steel primarily in the construction industry by producing working designs and updating Engineering College syllabi.(ii) Biju Patnaik interior(a ) Steel Institute, Puri (Orissa)- This has been set up for providing training-cum-service promotion for the industry.(iii) National Institute of Secondary Steel Technology(NISST), Mandi Govind Garh (Punjab)- This is primarily meant to promote upgradation of manpower in the secondary steel industry.(b) Campaign for increasing demand for SteelThe Development Commissioner for Iron Steel (DCIS) has launched a National Campaign for increasing the demand for steel, in non-traditional sectors, specially in the construction, rural and agro-based industrial sectors. In this connection, a conference was held on 21.9.2002 jointly organised by Ministry of Steel and Ministry of Rural Development for promotion of use of steel in the rural markets. Various measures were suggested to increase the use of steel in the rural areas. It was decided that the cooperation of Ministry of Surface Transport, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of slender Scale Industries Agro and Rur al Industries, Ministry of Consumers Affairs and Public Distribution and Planning Commission may be obtained for the mission.(c) Reduction in Power Rail TariffsIn order to make despatches of iron and steel material more attractive by dint of the railways, the Railway Board has been requested to consider lowering the classification of steel give freight discount to bulk users and to bring down freight rates of iron and steel commodities.(d) Reduction in input costsThe Ministry of Steel has been able to rationalise the classification of coking coal in consultation with the Coal Ministry so as to reduce the impact of royalty payable on this basic raw material. Import duties on several raw materials used by the steel industry have been cut steadily over the past 4 -5 years.(e) Strengthening of Anti dump mechanismThe Directorate General of Anti-Dumping And Allied Duties under the Ministry of Commerce is the Designated means to initiate necessary action for investigation and subseque nt imposition of anti-dumping duty when there is sufficient evidence of imports being dumped in India.A recent study by the Metal Bulletin Review reveals that in sequel of flat products, almost every steel producing country has either an anti-dumping expression instituted against it or has started a case against exporting countries. As the consumption in India was increasing with the increase of domestic availability, the steel exporters particularly from the Russian/CIS countries have been depressing the Indian market by unduly cheap exports through dumping. India has already imposed anti-dumping duties mainly on HR products imported from these countries. away from the flat products, there has been imposition of antidumping duties on certain grades of alloy and non-alloy steel billets, bars and rounds from China and Russia.(f) OECD MeetingsThe crisis of excess capacity and prevalence of market distorting practices in the global steel market has induced protectionist measures fro m a number of steel trading countries. To address these issues, a series of High Level Inter- political meetings have been held in which representatives from countries accounting for nearly 95% of the total steel production have been participation.These meetings serviced by the OECD Secretariat are being held in pursuance of President Bushs initiatives for a multilateral steel capacity. These initiatives are being supported by major steel producing nations including the European Community and Japan. Five High Level Meetings have already been held.India has a number of concerns with esteem to the modalities of excess capacity reduction and enforcement of disciplines in the steel market. India has not expect any colony of surplus steel capacity. It has been pointed out that our installed capacity which had reached around 40 million tonnes per annum in the mid to late nineties, is now estimated to be around 33-34 million tonnes against domestic demand of around 29 million tonnes. T his is largely on account of closure of units in the secondary sector due to operation of market forces. The other participating countries have, however, forecast closure of excess capacity to the extent of 95-100 million tonnes by 2010 and furnished elaborate break down of likely closure by 2005. The Working Group on Capacity, established during the third High Level Meeting, will monitor these market forecasts.Future ProspectsWith the onset of liberalisation, the steel industry has to gear-up, not only to meet domestic competition, but also the global competition in terms of product range, quality and price. The growth of the steel sector is elaborately linked with the growth of the Indian economy and especially the growth of the steel consuming sectors. India has become self-sufficient in iron and steel materials in the last 3-4 years. Exports are rising and imports are taking place broadly in a few specialised categories. Production and production capacities are increasing.The position needs to be further consolidated and issues affecting production and consumption need to be go underd on a uninterrupted basis. At the same time, productivity of our steel plants must be maintained at levels close to international standards. The Ministry of Steel continues to play an active and major role in helping the steel industry to overcome bottlenecks in the growth of this sector.Steel Exporters ForumThe Ministry of Steel has set up a Steel Exporters Forum in February 1998 with a view to fulfil the long felt need of the producers and exporters from the iron and steel sector and also to resolve issues, problems and bottlenecks faced by them in exports. The Chairman of the Forum is the Development Commissioner for Iron and Steel. All major steel producers/associations are its members. Representatives of the Ministries of Finance, Railways and Surface Transport are also its members in addition to the Ministry of Steel.

The Philippine Is Rich In Natural Resources

The Philippine Is Rich In Natural Re mentions ocstream surroundingsal laws consist of P.D No.984 entitled pollution control law that declaring indemnity to impede, abate and control pollution of irrigate supply, diffuse and write down for the more efficacious utilization of the resources of this country. The disposal was the one in charge to spew the location, magnitude, extent, severity, causes, set up and new(prenominal) pertinent information regarding pollution of the water, air and refine resources of the country, and to number orders or decisions to compel compliance with the provisions of the decree. The fit was the one who shew issue, renew, or deny permits, under such conditions as it whitethorn determine to be reasonable, for the prevention and abatement of pollution, for the discharge of cloaca, industrial botch, or for the adroitness or operation of sewage works and industrial disposal system. The commission, by rules and regulations, may require subdiv isions, condominium, hospitals, public buildings and other similar human settlements to put up appropriate central sewage system and sewage sermon works, except that no permits sh solely be required of any new sewage works or changes to or extensions of existing works that discharge merely domestic or sanitary wastes from a single residential building provided with septic tanks or their equivalent. The Commission may impose reasonable fees and charges for the exit or renewal of all permits herein requiredFor Presidential economy 984 otherwise known as the Pollution Control Decree of 1978 is a national policy aimed to prevent, abate and control pollution of water, air and land for the more effective utilization of the resources of this country. In this Decree of 1978, the commission may conduct scientific experiments, investigations and research to discover economical and practical methods of preventing water, air and land pollution. Also, the commission may cooperate with any p ublic or offstage agency in the conduct of such experiments, investigations and research for granted any international, national or other public or private agency for water, air and land pollution control activities, surveys or program. The commission may secure such services as it, necessary from other agencies of the National Government, and they fixate arrangements for the compensation of such service. The commission may withal employ and compensate, within appropriations available therefore, such consultants, experts, and advisers, or assistants on a full or part time basis, coming from the government or private entities ,to carry out the provisions of this decree and may dictate their powers, duties and responsibilities. under(a) the P.D 1152 this is the policy for the various aspects of environmental wariness such as air and water quality management, natural source development, land and waste management. It provides a program to environmental protection and management, with reference to policies and standards of noise, air quality, water quality, classification of water and waste management. the P.D 1152 this is the policy for the various aspects of environmental management such as air and water quality management, natural source development, land and waste management. And for the R.A 1990 also known as the Toxic warmheartedness and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 regulating the important, use, movement, preaching and disposal of toxic chemicals and Hazardous and nuclear waste in the Philippines. Under P.D 856 Sanitation code for the solid waste management in his scope of production dirty dog be straddles the responsibility in the local anesthetic government units.Hotel and Tourism worry is affected by the current environmental laws in the Philippines, in previous effective wastewater treatment kindle prevent serious illness among guests and staff members, and limit the number of serious complaints from guests who constitut e infectedafter drinking or swimming in begrime waters. It provide also reduce the chance of cancellations from potential guests. Now, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. besmirch wastewater discharge by reducing water use. Use biodegradable detergents and cleaning agents that ar compatible with the wastewater treatment technology. Recycle musical composition products from the office for wrapping other items. Reuse treated graywater for washing floors, flushing toilets and irrigating gardens and play courses. Separate waste at the source, rather than having to go through all the trash after it is collected. For example, provide containers for recyclables in guest rooms and compost bins inkitchen work areas. Because of the Environmental laws that government provide, Hotel and Tourism Management can provide also the best service to the hospitality industry which they are not allowed to built a business without permitted of the government. Under the decree of 1978 they keep the commissi ons to cooperate with any public or private agency in the conduct of such experiments, investigations and research for given any international, national or other public or private agency for water, air and land pollution control activities, surveys or program. This is for the safety of the guest or touring car which is for the benefit of others.Hotel and Tourism Management can sustain improve the current environmental situation in the Philippines Environmental responsibility makes ecological sense, because retentivity the environment pristine sum that tourists will come to appreciate and get it on the natural beauty of the location of your business. Increasingly, environmental responsibility also makes monetary sense. Gone are the days when going green necessarily meant reservation large investments in expensive technology. Simple waste segregation, for example, can drastically reduce an island resorts expenses in transporting garbage off the island. Encouraging guests to fo llow simple-minded steps, such as turning off lights and recycling water, could mean speech thousands on a resorts water bill. . Encourage staff to buy the farm twisting in volunteer projects such as beach clean-ups and awareness campaigns. naturalise guests as to how they can make a positive contribution to local biodiversity conservation efforts. Every business aims for long-term feasibility, and tourism based enterprises are no exception. A prime tourist attraction is a place that is full of life and abundance, a place where visitors can relax and sense of smell that all is right with the world-a place they would pay hard-earned money to see and experience. Whether it means keeping the surroundings clean, making sure there is abundant water and electricity to use, or assuring guests of a nature experience they will not forget, maintaining a tourist destination means sustaining the life well-nigh it, and carrying out responsible operations that will make such comestible pos sible. It takes only a few simple steps, the involvement and commitment of the pack implicated, and a few adjustments in existing working and management systems to make environmental awareness a habit. Its a habit that is upright for the soul, good for the community, good for Mother Nature-and happily, also good for business. Hotel and Tourism Management can improve the current situation of the environment in the Philippines by manoeuver the guest or tourist to become more efficient. Hotel and Tourism Management can help through orient the guest or tourist for them to know or understand the preservation of environment. To educate others, encouraging that environment is important. The conservation can enhance a places reputation among guests, other individuals and groups concerned about the environment. Supporting conservation efforts can generate positive forwarding and improve relationships with local people and organizations. Hotel and Tourism Management can help improve the current situation in the Philippines by promoting the environment to become more clean and green, preserves the generation as the inspiration of have nature. Hotel and Tourism Management can help the environment situation as a role model to our industry, to promote to others the need of our environment and for our day-by-day life.